Enzymes
Ally Wormaan
11/07/2013
Section 018
Introduction:
Our body has many cells, cells which operate like a chemical factory. Chemicals are broken down for things like energy, and new chemicals are then synthesized. The food we eat only supplies us with some of the compounds that are needed for our body to operate. Most that are needed are synthesized within the cell by hundreds of different types of reactions that are all part of metabolism. All of these reactions wouldn’t be able to take place at body temperature. Or rather if they did, they would do so at a very slow rate. Enzymes are what allow the reactions to take place rapidly and efficiently. In this lab we will be demonstrating the role of enzymes as described, and also
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Each test tube will receive 2mL of saliva and mix. Test tube one goes into the ice-water bath, two goes into a 35-40*c bath, and the third into boiling water. The test tubes need to stand in their water baths for 30 minutes, at least. After the 30 minutes we transfer 3 drops of each solution into separate depressions of a white spot plate. Each sample will receive 2 drops of iodine solution. We observe the colors, and record our results. Moving onto pH, we take three test tubes and place 2mL of buffer solution of pH 2 into test tube one. Test tube 2 receives 2mL of buffer solution of pH 7, and test tube 3 receives 2mL buffer solution of pH 12. Each test tube then received 2mL amylase solution and 2mL of 1% starch solution. We mix them and place them into a water bath at 35-40*c for 30 minutes. After being heater for 30 minutes, we transfer 3 drops of each solution into separate depressions of a white spot plate. Each sample receives 2 drops of iodine solution, just as we did with the temperature section. We record the colors and move on to the inhibitor section of the lab. Taking a clean test tube we add 2mL amylase solution, 2mL 1% starch, and 10 drops of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2. We mix them and place the test tube into the water bath at 35-40*c, and heat for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes have passed we transfer 3 drops of solution into a depression of a white spot plate and add 2 drops of iodine solution to it. Then we record the
And finally into test tube 3, I pipetted 1.0 ml turnip extract and 4.0 ml of water. The contents of test tube 1 was poured into a spectrometer tube and labeled it “B” for blank. “B” tube was now inserted it into the spectrometer. An adjustment to the control knob was made to zero the absorbance reading on the spectrometer since one cannot continue the experiment if the spectrometer is not zeroed. A combination of two people and a stop watch was now needed to not only record the time of the reaction, but to mix the reagents in a precise and accurate manner. As my partner recorded the time, I quickly poured tube 3 into tube 2. I then poured tube 2 into the experiment spectrometer tube labeled “E” and inserted it into the spectrometer. A partner then recorded the absorbance reading for every 20 seconds for a total of 120 seconds. After the experiment, a brown color in the tube should be observed to indicate the reaction was carried out. Using sterile techniques, any excess liquid left was disposed
In this lab or experiment, the aim was to determine the following factors of enzymes: (1) the effects of enzymes concentration the catalytic rate or the rate of the reaction, (2) the effects of pH on a particular enzyme, an enzyme known and referred throughout this experiment as ALP (alkaline phosphate enzyme) and lastly (3) the effects of various temperatures on the reaction or catalytic rate. Throughout the experiment 8 separate cuvettes and tubes are mixed with various solutions (labeled as tables 1,3 & 4 in the apparatus/materials sections of the lab) and tested for the effects of the factors mentioned above (concentration, pH and temperature). The tubes labeled 1-4 are tested for pH with pH paper and by spectrophotometer, cuvettes 1a-4a was tested for concentration and cuvettes labeled 1b-4b was tested for temperature in four different atmospheric conditions (4ºC, 23ºC, 32ºC and 60ºC) to see how the enzyme solution was affected by the various conditions. After carrying out the procedures the results showed that the experiment followed the theory for the most part, which is that all the factors work best at its optimum level. So, the optimum pH that the enzymes reacted at was a pH of 7 (neutral), the optimum temperature that the reactions occurs with the enzymes is a temperature of 4ºC or
Introduction:Enzymes are made up of proteins which are produced within living cells and act as catalysts which speed up chemical reactions. They are made up of long chains of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Enzymes are structured to be
Lab six requires students to observe the effects of pH and enzyme concentration on catecholase activity. Enzymes are organic catalysts that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction depending on the pH level and the concentration of the enzyme. As pH comes closer to a neutral pH the enzyme is at its greatest effectiveness. Also at the absorbance of a slope of 0.0122 the enzyme is affected greatly. The pH effect on enzymes can be tested by trying each pH level with a pH buffer of the same pH as labeled as the test tube and 1mL of potato juice, water, and catechol. This is all mixed together and put in the spectrophotometer to test how much is being absorbed at 420nm. As the effect on enzyme concentration can be tested almost the same way. This part of the exercise uses different amounts of pH 7-phosphate buffer and potato juice, and 1mL of catechol mixed together in a test tube. Each substance is put in the spectrophotometer at a wavelength set tot 420nm. The results are put down for every minute up to six minutes to see how enzyme concentration affects reaction rate. The results show that the pH 8 (0.494) affects the enzyme more than a pH of 4 (0.249), 6 (0.371), 7 (0.456), and 10 (0.126). Also the absorbance is greatest at a slope of 0.0122 with test tube C that has more effect on the reaction rate, than test tube A, B, and D.
5. Heat treatment was used to denature the sucrase that was added to the control test tube. In the experimental test tube, alkaline
The first experiment begun by filling a 600-ml beaker, almost to the top, with water. Next, a 10-ml graduated cylinder was filled to the top with water. Once water was added to the beaker and graduated cylinder, a thumb was placed over the top of the graduated cylinder. This would ensure that no water was let out and no bubbles were let into the graduated cylinder. Next, it was turned upside down and fully submerged into the beaker. Then, a U-shaped glass tube was attained. The short end of the glass tube was placed into the beaker with the tip inside of the graduated cylinder. Next, a 50-ml Erlenmeyer flask was received. After, 10-ml of substrate concentration and 10-ml of catalase/buffer solution were placed into the flask. A rubber stopper was then placed on the opening of the flask. After adding these, the flask was held at the neck and spun softly
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which accelerate the speed of chemical reactions in the body without being used up or changed in the process. Animals and plants contain enzymes which help break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into smaller molecules the cells can use to get energy and carry out the processes that allow the plant or animal to survive. Without enzymes, most physiological processes would not take place. Hundreds of different types of enzymes are present in plant and animal cells and each is very specific in its function.
Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).
This experiment consisted of setting up a control group of starch in various temperature and then placing both fungal amylases and bacterial amylases in a mixture of starch and placing the solution of amylase and starch in various temperatures of water. After a certain amount of time- different amount of time needs to be used in order to have reliable results- iodine is added in a well on spot plates, then two drops of the mixture of amylase-starch is added from each temperature used, by adding iodine into the plates the mixture will show how much starch was hydrolyzed, this is used to calculate the amount of
For this experiment, we have to prepare our phosphorylase which extracted from a potato. We prepared by weighed about 250 grams of peeled potato and cut it into cubes. The extracts then blended with 100mL of 0.1M NaF. After filtered the contents into a clean 250mL centrifuge bottle, we centrifuged it for 3 minutes. Then, separated the supernatant into a centrifuge bottle, which is our phosphorylase preparation. The enzyme assay used in this experiment today is the iodine test. As the iodine reacts with starch, it will form a brown, blue or black precipitate due to the iodine ions forcing into a linear arrangement. The endpoint of the enzyme reaction indicates the presence of starch by using the iodine test to determine. The faster the endpoint is reached, the less active the phosphorylase is.
Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).
In order to conduct the experiment, samples from both specimens were taken and placed in four test tubes all with a different temperature. Iodine was then taken and placed into a spot plate labeled with the type of amylase and corresponding
Enzymes are biologically active proteins that serve as catalysts; they have the ability to speed up chemical reactions. Without a catalyst many biochemical reactions will be carried out too slowly for the body to benefit. All sorts of enzymes occur naturally in our bodies, some help digest food. An enzyme such as amylase is present in saliva which breaks down starch into smaller maltose molecules. Without an enzyme holding the large molecule in position, this reaction will be extremely slow. Every reaction requires certain amount of energy to form. Enzymes lower the activation energy (amount energy required to be put into the reaction to begin). It does this by applying pressure to bonds that require s the molecule to break, or bring the molecules closer to bond. The molecules or chemicals the enzymes work on are called substrates, substrates then bind to the enzyme active site, once they bond to the active site, the enzyme will change shape to fit the substrate, and this is known as the induced fit model. All enzymes are specific to particular molecules or chemicals and are usually named after their substrate ‘ase’. For example lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose.
Enzymes are biological catalysts naturally produced by living organisms which increase the rate of a specific biochemical reaction without being used up in the process. They are proteins of differing and complex three dimensional structures, constructed by sequenced amino acids which are pre-determined by the genes of their cells. As most enzymes are globular in nature, many are water-soluble with a spherical shape, unlike fibrous proteins which have different properties. All living organisms synthesise enzymes as they are an essential physiological component of life, responsible for a wide range of diverse functions; such as aiding in digestion, DNA replication, and glycolysis which leads to the formation of