Oxygen and Electron Transfer

Red and white blood cells are the two types of blood cells in the human body. Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body which is transferred through the bloodstream. It moves oxygen into the body and then removes it. They are absorbed through its haemoglobin.

Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood- clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don’t have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can’t divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and

One specific species the author speaks about is the icefish. Scientists find these creatures in the arctic ocean and what intrigued many of them is that the fish’s blood was colorless. This confused many of them because at the time it was known that all vertebrates have red blood cells with the respiratory pigment hemoglobin. When one scientist examined the fish’s blood, he discovered “that the gene two that normally contain the DNA code for the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule have gone extinct” (Carroll 23). Now the one gene for the globin is still in the DNA, however it is not usefully what so ever and the second gene has completely disappeared from

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy. In catabolism, large molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as fatty acids and amino acids. When food is broken down energy is released as the foods molecules’ bonds are broken. Then this energy is used to reform the bonds that have been broken so that ATP can be recreated. More energy can be obtained when oxygen is present and the process proceeds on aerobically. The aerobic production of ATP occurs inside the mitochondria in cells. The broken down food molecules then enters the blood stream. Blood is a liquid connective tissue as it is made up of red and white living cells. Oxygen is transported in the red blood cells which are attached to a protein called haemoglobin. Nutrients including glucose are dissolved in the plasma. Plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins and salts. The main function of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and chemical messengers such as hormones that help maintain the body’s fluid balance. The red blood cells also carry iron which attracts oxygen. Our cells use oxygen to make energy. Iron is also needed to keep the immune system healthy and help brain cells. Without your heart, blood vessels and blood you wouldn’t be able to get the

 Once the oxygen-depleted cells are in the lungs, they travel into the alveoli where they lose their CO2 and trade it for oxygen. The oxygen is able to stay with the red blood cells because the cell have hemoglobin which is a protein which binds with oxygen.

J.) As Cari’s Pco2 and alkaline blood pH rose, how was the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected?

Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

Timberlake, K. C. (01/2014). Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition.

The other type of artificial blood is more of a blood substitute as it is derived from either outdated bovine or human red blood cells. It is known as Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC), Hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein molecule found in red blood cells is extracted from the obsolete red blood cells through ultrafiltration and purification. The Hemoglobin must undergo specific processes in an attempt to prevent the Hemoglobin from disassociating from its natural four-chain configuration (Fridey 3). There is numerous methods of chemically altering the Hemoglobin to increase the molecules size so it does not dissociate and break down. The two main processes of enlarging the

Vertebrates have the ability to sustain in high and low altitude environments. Depending on the levels of oxygen in the environment, the body of a vertebrate accommodates to the changes internally through adjusting the efficiency of gas exchange in organs (lungs, skin, etc) and in the circulation of blood in the heart, vascular, and capillary systems (Webber, 2007). Four molecules of oxygen bind to a protein molecule called hemoglobin. It is made up of globulin chains that contain alpha or beta chains with an iron (Fe) atom in the center forming a haeme group. Oxygen has a high affinity to hemoglobin, and hemoglobin is essential for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the cells of tissue in the body and also returning carbon dioxide (CO2) back to lungs (Davis, 2015). Hemoglobin is essential for the survival of vertebrates, and this lab

Haemoglobin is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (RBC). Its role in the body is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues and then returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The transportation of oxygen is only possible when haemoglobin (Hb) within the RBC binds to oxygen. (Martini & Nath, 2006)

Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. When it reaches the lungs, gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood into the pulmonary alveoli and oxygen is diffused into the blood. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the left hand side of the heart in the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. From here it passes through the mitral valve, through the ventricle and takes all around the body by the aorta. Blood contains antibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to help the body work. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood

This makes the hemoglobin a very good acceptor, when it’s traveling through the pulmonary capillaries and oxygen is diffused from the alveoli, which makes it really good at picking up the oxygen. So how does hemoglobin know to dump oxygen. It doesn’t have eyes or any type of GPS system that said. To illustrate this in more detail. When the body is in an active state the body generates a lot of carbon dioxide to muscle tissues, therefore oxygen will be needed in these surrounding capillary for example the quadriceps. How does the haemoglobin know to let go of oxygen there, it a by-product called allosteric inhibition which may sound fancy but the concepts actually pretty straight forward. Allosteric is often used in the context of enzymes, it means that things bind to other parts. “Allo” means other, therefore it is binds easily to other parts of the protein or the enzymes and enzymes are just protein this affects the ability of the protein or the enzyme to do what it normally does. Therefore, haemoglobin is allosterically inhibited by carbon dioxide and by protons, so carbon dioxide can bond to other parts of the haemoglobin, and so can protons. To demonstrate this point, if the body is in an acidic environment,

Oxygen transfer in a vascular network that is essential for the tissue metabolism takes place at the level of microvasculature and capillaries through convection and diffusion. Oxygen delivery or convective flow of oxygen to the capillaries and oxygen extraction or diffusive transport of oxygen from hemoglobin (Hb) to tissue cells are the two limiting factors associated with oxygen transfer in a vascular network (Pittman, 2000).

The University of Rochester Medical Center depicts red blood cells, or erythrocytes, as flattened cells, which utilize a protein called Hemoglobin. This protein carries oxygen within the body, and also performs the function of removing carbon dioxide from the body.