1. Consider a locus having two alleles Aj and A2, If the homozygote A1A1 and the heterozygote A1A2 have the same fitness of 1, and the homozygote A2A2 has a fitness s+1, then phenomenon is called complete dominance. What will be the change in the frequency of allele A2 per generation ?
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- 1. Consider a locus having two alleles A1 and A2, If the homozygote A1A1 and the heterozygote A¡A2 have the same fitness of 1, and the homozygote A2A2 has a fitness s+1, then phenomenon is called complete dominance. What will be the change in the frequency of allele A2 per generation ?1. For a single locus with two alleles, A₁ and A₂: (a) Draw a graph (using graph paper) showing both the frequency of A₁ A2 heterozy- gotes and A₂ A₂ homozygotes, at Hardy-Weinberg frequencies, as functions of p (the frequency of A₁). Note that both p and the genotype frequencies should have values between 0 and 1. (b) Find the value of p above which A₁ A2 genotypes are more common than A₂42 genotypes. You can solve this algebraically, or estimate it from your graphs. 2. Consider three loci, A, B, and C, each with two alleles, with the frequencies of A₁, B₁, and C₁ all being We look at a population and find that there are four distinct haplotypes, shown here, each with a frequency of: A₁ B1 TT A1 C₁ B1 A₂ B₂ AT C₂ A₂ B₂ C₁ C₂ Of the three pairs of loci (AB, AC, and BC) which pair(s) are in Gametic Equilibrium (D = 0) and which are in Gametic Disequilibrium (D ‡0)? [Hint: Consider each pair separately, ignoring the other locus. For example: for the BC pair, consider the four…26. Snow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. A population of 30,012 geese includes 9236 dark individuals. Genetic testing reveals that 7636 of the 9236 dark individuals are heterozygous (Dd). What is the actual frequency of allele D? 0.819 0.181 0.435 0.347
- 3. Set up a Punnett square using the following information: Dominate allele for purple corn kernels = R Recessive allele for yellow corn kernels =r Dominate allele for starchy kernels = T Recessive allele for sweet kernals =t Cross a homozygous dominant parent with a heterozygous parent. Using the Punnett square above: a. What is the probability of producing purple, starchy corn kernels? Possible genotype(s)? b. What is the probability of producing yellow, starchy corn kernels? Possible genotype(s)? c.What is the probability of producing purple, sweet corn kernels? Possible genotype(s)? d. What is the probability of producing yellow, sweet corn kernels? Possible genotype(s)?3. In domestic chicken, feather colour and shape are two traits which are controlled by autosomal alleles that are co-dominant. Table 2 shows the alleles and phenotype of both traits. The heterozygous state for feather colour is grey while the heterozygous state for feather shape is mildly frizzled. TABLE 2 Effect Produces black feathers in homozygotes Produces white feathers in homozygotes Produces straight feathers in homozygotes Produces frizzled feathers in homozygotes Trait Allele Feather colour CW Feather shape SF A farmer bred a black frizzled rooster with a grey mildly frizzled hen. Draw a genetic diagram to show the expected results of this cross. Include in your answer the phenotypic ratios. а) b) Is it necessary to do a test cross to determine the genotypes of the offspring? Explain your answer. The farmer would like all his chickens grey and mildly frizzled. What would you advise him to do? Explain your answer. c)7. The dominant allele H reduces the number of body bristles in fruit flies, giving rise to a hairless phenotype. In the homozygou condition, H is lethal. The dominant allele S has no effect on bristle number except in the presence of H, in which case a single S allele suppresses the hairless phenotype, thus restoring the bristles. However, S is also lethal in homozygotes. a. What ratio of flies with normal bristles to hairless individuals would we find in the live progeny of a cross between two normal flies both carrying the H allele in the suppressed condition? b. When the hairless progeny of the previous cross are crossed with one of the parental normal flies from part (a) (meaning a fly that carries H in the suppressed condition), what phenotypic ratio would you expect to find among their live progeny?
- 1. In wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), the allele E, for pointed toes, is dominant over e, for rounded toes. In a particular herd of wild pigs that is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, there are 652 koalas with pointed toes and 388 koalas with rounded toes. Calculate the allelic frequencies within this population AND the expected genotype frequency of heterozygous individuals.1. Chinchillas are small, furry South American rodents. They were originally brought to the United States from Chile in 1918 and raised for their fur, and have become increasingly popular as cage pets. They come in a variety of colors, but the most common is gray. In chinchillas, gray fur is dominant to violet. If one parent is gray HETEROZYGOUS, and the other is violet, what is the probability in their offspring of: being homozygous dominant? ________% being heterozygous? ________% being homozygous recessive? ________% having violet fur? ________% 2. Trixie, a former cheerleader, just had a child. She isn't sure who the father is. Carrie is blood type A and the baby is type AB. Use your knowledge of genetics to help Trixie, and indicate whether each of the following men COULD be the father. If he could be the father, put down Yes. If not, just say No, which is perhaps what Trixie should have done. #9, the quarterback, who is type A homozygous ______ #10, the…1. Set up a punnett square using the following information: 2. Using the punnett square in question #1: a. What is the probability of producing tall plants with purple flowers? Dominate allele for tall plants = D • Recessive allele for dwarf plants = d • Dominate allele for purple flowers = W • Recessive allele for white flowers = w Cross a homozygous dominate parent (DDWW) with a homozygous recessive parent (ddww) Possible genotype(s)? b. What is the probability of producing dwarf plants with white flowers? Possible genotype(s)? c. What is the probability of producing tall plants with white flowers? Possible genotype(s)? d. What is the probability of producing dwarf plants with purple flowers? Possible genotype(s)?
- 2 (a) The trait of hen- versus cock-feathering is a sex-limited trait controlled by a single gene. HH and Hh males always exhibit the hen-featuring trait. Only hh males show the cock-feathering trait. Starting with two heterozygous fowls that are hen- feathered, describe how you would obtain a true-breeding line that always produces cock-feathered males. [Ciri berhulu avam hatinI. In an exotic Peruvian plant, blue flowers (B) are dominant to red flowers (b), yellow stalks (G) are dominant to green (g) and tall plants (H) are dominant to short ones. What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? BbGgHh x BbGgHh -> bbGGHh Punnett squares for each individual trait can help you with this: Probability= (bb) BGh X Bb (GG) What is the phenotype of bbGGHh? Which of the following options are gametes that bbGgHh can produce? Circle the correct one(s). BGH bGh bgh Gg BbGghh hh X (Hh) bGH2. Pea plants have two alleles for pea color: Y is the dominant allele and produces yellow peas; y is the 1 recessive allele and produces green peas. Consider two parental pea plants each have the genotype Yy. Place the parental alleles on the axes of the Punnett square at right and fill in the boxes corresponding to each offspring that would result from fertilization events between the parental gametes. a. Of the four possible offspring, how many would have the genotype YY? b. Of the four possible offspring, how many would have the genotype Yy? c. Of the four possible offspring, how many would have the genotype yy? d. What is the probability of an offspring from this cross having yellow peas? e. What is the probability of an offspring from this cross have green peas?