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- Consider the docosanoic acid, C21H43CO2H a. Label the a and B carbons b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of B-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid?Describe the biochemical role of coenzyme Q10 and how supplementation may impact metabolism. Be sure to address the key terms listed below as part of your discussion; you may address additional etiologies as well. coenzyme Q Complex I Complex II Complex III ubiquinone ubiquinol Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Reactive oxygen species64 Consider docosanoic acid, C2H43 CO₂H. a. Label the x and ß carbons. b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of ß-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Required:
- Acetyl-CoA AG" = -7.7 kcal/mol COA Fatty acids Oxaloacetate Citrate AG" = -1.5 kcal/mol Isocitrate Krebs cycle is equilibrium at 25°C with coupled fatty acid biosynthesis. Calculate the free energy of the fatty acid biosynthesis (in kcal/mol), accounting for the concentrations of Oxaloacetate – 0.005 mM; Acetyl-CoA - 0.03 mM; Citrate - 0.001mM and Isocitrate – 0.06 mM.The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation: Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation: GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.Incubation of the norsolinic acid synthase holo-ACP with malonyl CoA gave malonyl-S-ACP (molecular weight 10112 Da). (ACP SH holo-ACP Malonyl-SNAC Calculate the molecular weight of holo-ACP. (ACP OH malonyl-S-ACP MW = 10112
- Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.Synthesis of the activated form of acetate (acetyl-CoA) is carried out in an ATP-dependent process:(a) The ΔG′° for hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA is −32.2 kJ/mol and that for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi is −30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate ΔG′° for the ATPdependent synthesis of acetyl-CoA.(b) Almost all cells contain the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi. What effect does the presence of this enzyme have on the synthesis of acetyl-CoA? Explain.(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
- The standard free energy change for this reaction in the direction written is +23.8 kuimol. The tabie shows the concentrations of the three intermediates in the hepatocyte of a mammal. Intermediate Concentration (M) Fructose 1.0-bisphosphate 0.000028 Gyoeraldehyde 3phosphate 0.0000068 Ditydroxyacetone phosphate 0.000032 At body temperature (37 "C). what is the actual free energy change for the reaction (in kimol) ?Decylic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs naturally in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Calculate the net ATP yield when decylic acid undergoes complete B oxidation. The formula of decylic acid is shown below: (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP.) O 50 ATP O 52 ATP 66 ATP OH O 64 ATPImagine a triglyceride comprised of (3) saturated C12 fatty acids. Calculate the number of ATP generated from the complete oxidation of one of these 12-carbon fatty acids to CO2 and water in the liver. Assume that each NADH = 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 = ETC generates 1.5 ATP. Any step that yields pyrophosphate as a product should be treated as an input (i.e. net loss) of (2) ATP.