Antibody variability in naïve lymphocytes is generated by_ O alternative RNA splicing O post-translational protein modification O all other three mechanisms ODNA recombination
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- The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?T-cell receptor diversity is controlled by Select one: DNA recombination during prophase of meiosis | O b. DNA recombination during prophase of meiosis II O C. DNA recombination during mitosis in T-cells O d. proteasomal degradation of host proteins proteasomal degradation of viral proteinsViruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites
- 1 J are a broad category of small protein mediators that are important in the immune system and have an effect on migration of various cell types. Cutelines A5) The immunoblot shows probing of samples taken from a time course after treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Recall that the proteasome is responsible for selectively degrading only those proteins that have been tagged with ubiquitin. The left indicates the antibody that is used to detect protein for each panel. P53 P27 AGR2 GAPDH MG132 (h) 0 0.5 1 2 4 8 12 24 Image from Wang et al., (2019) Oncogene 38:3458-3474. a) What effect does MG132 have on each protein? What does this tell you about each of these proteins? ● P53 P27 AGR2 GAPDH b) How do we know that the differences we observe in the proteins is not due to un- equal loading of samples into each lane of the gel?29 of 41 In a western blot, the primary antibody binds to the while the secondary antibody binds to the O target protein; nitrocellulose membrane O Nitrocellulose membrane; target protein O target protein: primary antibody O secondary antibody; target protein
- pathogenic bacteria in gut lumen binds binds capture and transfer to A B submucosa inhibits binds produces produces epithelial cells of small intestine klocated below B-cll follicle in Peyer's patches reside on reside presents among antigens E F capture and transfer from lumen presents engulf antigens pathogenic bacteria in gut submucosa D -lyse-Superinfection immunity refers to: O the inability of a temperate phage to infect any bacterial lysogen O the inability of a temperate phage to undergo the lytic life cycle after existing as a prophage the inability of a lytic phage to infect any bacterial lysogen O a bacterial lysogen being unable to be infected by similar, closely related phagesSYstemic Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that target the person's own DNA. The DNA must be outside of the person's cell , in plasma and/ or interstitial space,in order antivodies to bind it. Immune resposes are thoght to be part of the cause of this aspect of lupus. Of the following which is moast likely to allow the preon's DNA to be exposed otside of cells? A, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B, Inflammation C, Complement Membrane Attack Complex D, Interferons E,Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
- The process by which point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the influenza virus is called O antigenic drift O tranformation O antigenic shift O transductionA potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ___________ . tissue hypersensitivity molecular mimicry histamine release radiation exposureAdapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called HLAs allow white blood cells to detect HIV particles and fight an infection. In a recent study, scientists tested whether HIV is adapting to this host defense. They did so by looking at the frequency of a specific mutation (1135X) in HIV. This escape mutation helps the virus avoid detection by a version of the HLA protein (HLA-B51) that is common in some regions of the world, but not in others. FIGURE 20.19 shows the percentage of HIV-positive people who had HIV with the 1135X mutation. Data were collected at medical centers from several parts of the world. FIGURE 20.19 Regional variation in the frequency of the 1135X escape mutation among HIV-positive people. For each region, pink bars represent the percentage of people whose blood cells have HLA-B51. and thus cannot detect 1135X mutants. Blue bars represent the percentage of people with other versions of the HLA protein. These people have blood cells that can detect and fight HIV even if it has the 1135X mutation. 1. What percentage of people with H LA-B51 in Vancouver had HIV with the escape mutation for this protein?