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- Interruption of spindle discharge from a muscle causes contraction of the muscle to become jerky and irregular due to :-a- increased activity of reverberating circuits causing fluctuation of the motor discharge to the muscleb- increased activity of inhibitory interneurons causing oscillating inhibition of the α-motor neurons of the musclec- irregular discharge of excitatory inputs to the α-motor neurons of the muscle d- post-tetanic potentiation of the α-motor neurons of the muscleCo-activation of α and γ-motor neurons :-a- increases γ-motor neuron discharge whenever the activity of α-motor neurons rises to a high levelb- is mediated by interneurons that link the α and γ-motor neuronsc- maintains the proprioceptive information to higher centers during muscle contractiond- increases the α-motor neuron discharge whenever the activity of γ-motor neurons rises to a high levelSort the structures that the action potential would pass through after being generated by the first order sensory neuron. Drag and drop options into correct order and submit. thalamus anterior ramus of spinal nerve posterior root and rootlets somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum posterior funiculus brainstem brachial plexus posterior grey horn ||| ||| = ||| = ||| = ||| = ||| ||| ||| =
- Muscle spindles are the sensory receptors that monitor the length of skeletal muscles. When the length of the hamstrings changes between standing and seated positions, which structure is responsible for adjusting the length of the intrafusal muscle fibers of the muscle spindle? Group of answer choices beta motor neurons gamma motor neurons extrafusal fibers alpha motor neuronsThe role of γ-motor neurons in regulation of equilibrium is achieved by :-a- initiating contraction of spindle fibers which directly antagonize postural deviationb- increasing spindle sensitivity to stretchc- directly stimulating extrafusal muscle fibers to antagonize postural deviationd- directly adjusting the discharge of α-motor neurons innervating the extrafusal muscle fibers to antagonize postural deviationPlease order the steps of voluntary movement. 1) Primary motor cortex sends information to alpha motor neurons 2) The prefrontal and parietal cortices decide to initiate movement. 3) Alpha motor neurons initiate muscle contractions. 4) The supplementary motor area (SMA) uses input from the thalamus and basal ganglia to plan a movement.
- Which of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionInterruption of γ-motor neuron discharge to a skeletal muscle produces :-a- contraction of the muscleb- contraction of the spindle fibersc- relaxation of the spindle fibersd- increased sensory discharge from the spindle fibers*When dynamic y-motor neurons are activated at the same time as a-motor neurons to muscle, [A] prompt inhibition of discharge in spindle la afferents takes place. [B] clonus is likely to occur. [C] the muscle will not contract. [D] the number of impulses in spindle la afferents is smaller than when a discharge alone is increased. [E] the number of impulses in spindle la afferents is greater than when a discharge alone is increased.
- Describe the general anatomical design of a muscle spindle and discuss its physiological function.Using pyramidal motor tract as a template, describe the voluntary control of skeletal muscles being sure to use appropriate course terminology. Start from the very first neuron and end with neural innervation onto muscle fiber.Describe the functions of gamma motor neurons and explain why they are stimulated at the same time as alpha motor neurons during voluntary muscle contractions.