Frog muscle cells and the solution bathing the cells contain ions at different concentrations. The concentrations of Na+, Ca²+, K+ and Cl¯ are shown in the table. The temperature is 25 °C. ion intracellular concentration (mm) Na+ 12 extracellular concentration 120 Ca²+ 1 x 10-4 3 K+ 155 10 CI- 4 62 (MM) The resting frog muscle membrane potential is determined by the equilibrium of K+ across the cell membrane. What is the voltage inside the frog cell if the outside solution is at zero volts?
Q: rostaglandin synthase converts which molecule into prostaglandin H2? ____________ Movement of a…
A: The biological membrane that surrounds a living cell is called the cell membrane. The structure of…
Q: Which sketches represent the action of an enzyme? Check none of them if none of them do. For that…
A: Enzyme is a catalyst present in living organism which is responsible for alteration of speed of a…
Q: Identify the type of base and sugar group present in each nucleotide or nucleoside.
A: Nucleotides serve as the basic building blocks for DNA and RNA. Nucleotides comprise a sugar…
Q: 1. As has been discussed in class the electron transport chain is the first part of oxidative…
A: The electron transport chain (ETC) is a collection of protein complexes found in prokaryotes' plasma…
Q: In the peptide Ala – Gly – Val – Phe – Tyr, a carboxylate (-COO-) group would bound in which amino…
A: The four types of biological macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Q: More and more bacteria are becoming antibiotic-resistant. How might this affect our ability to fight…
A: When bacteria evolves mechanism to nullify the effect of antibiotics used on them.This generally…
Q: Show the location and the molecule that provides electrons to the electron transport chain and trace…
A: The electron transport chain (ETC) plays a vital role in cellular respiration, occurring within the…
Q: 1. Lets start by determining the products we would get from treating a polypeptide with some of the…
A: A peptide is a short chain of amino acid residues linked together via peptide bonds. The peptide…
Q: Proteins are made from chains of amino acids. The amino acids are joined together by structures…
A: Dipeptide
Q: Why is control of column and detector temperature more important for non- suppressed IC (Ion…
A: The control of column and detector temperature is a fundamental aspect of ion chromatography (IC), a…
Q: Explain the role of transistors in microchip functionality
A: Microchips are tiny electronic devices containing a variety of integrated circuits. They are…
Q: Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction shown in the figure. -Glu-Cys-Gly Glu -Cys- -Gly + NADPH…
A: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can go onto extensively oxidize different components of a cell,…
Q: What do most amino acids have in common with most monosaccharides? O Both contain ionizable groups…
A: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 major proteogenic amino acids that…
Q: Write the one letter code for the oligopeptide Ser-Cys-Ile-Glu-Asn-Cys-Glu and calculate the total…
A: On a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14, pH, or "potential of hydrogen," measures the acidity or…
Q: An enzyme you are studying functions through the mechanistic steps shown here: E + S₁ ⇒ ES₁ ⇒ EP₁ ⇒…
A: Different enzymes react differently to their substrate to catalyze it into products. Some enzymes…
Q: 2. NAD is synthesized from the vitamin niacin. The daily dietary intake of niacin recommended for…
A: NAD' is synthesized from the vitamin niacin. The daily dietary intake of niacin recommended for…
Q: 2. You made a pH=9.8 buffer solution by mixing NaOH and glycine to give a solution that is 0.20 M in…
A: In order to solve (d), first we need to calculate (c). So, here is a brief and comprehensive…
Q: On the basis of the information provided in the figure, show the next step in the mechanism for…
A: Proteins that catalyse the hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds are called proteases. Cysteine…
Q: 4. Graphing the results from kinetics experiments with enzyme inhibitors The following kinetic data…
A: For a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the Michaelis-Menton equation shows the quantitative…
Q: 1. The shape of hemoglobin binding curves is: hyperbolic or sigmoidal 2. a) Based on the binding…
A: Note: As per the guidelines, i could solve only the first three subparts of the question. Please re…
Q: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an intermediate of glycolysis. This molecule was also generated during…
A: During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and producing energy in the…
Q: Choose a FALSE statement about Hill's plot. All or none binding is given by n = N² (N is the total…
A: Hills plot is a graphical representation used in biochemistry to analyze the cooperative binding of…
Q: Order the following steps of muscle contraction: Drag and drop options into correct order and…
A: The action potential is initiated and propagated through the motor neurons to finally reach the…
Q: The toxic effect of Na+ ions can be avoided in some plant species by storing them in membrane-bound…
A: One kind of active transport that moves Na+ ions through a membrane is the Na+/H+ antiport…
Q: A membrane simulator is shown below. Watch the video clip in order to answer the question. Diffusion…
A: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, driven by the difference…
Q: You identify a section of 2 beta strands in a protein crystal structure. When you identify the…
A: The linear arrangement of amino acids in beta strands, an usual secondary structure in proteins,…
Q: 1. Start with the Michaelis-Menten equation and convert it to a double-reciprocal equation. Show how…
A: For a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the Michaelis-Menton equation shows the quantitative…
Q: Assume a protein is composed of 120 amino acid residues and that each amino acid can have three…
A: A protein's biological function depends on its three-dimensional structure. The 3D structure is…
Q: The oligosaccharide group on the antibody represented by 1IGT is a monosaccharide residues. O…
A: 1IGT is an antibody with an oligosaccharide group bound to it. The oligosaccharide is responsible…
Q: change for formation of an ES complex if the KD for this enzyme/ligand pair is 0.28µM? Give your…
A: The free energy change (ΔG) for the formation of an ES complex can be calculated using the…
Q: Below is the result of PCR products running on agarose gel electrophoresis. You expect to see one…
A: PCR enables us to increase the concentration of our gene of interest. We use two primers for PCR,…
Q: Which mutation will most likely cause the mutant or protein to misfold in terms of thermodynamics.…
A: Mutations are the permanent change in DNA sequence. These changes may occur naturally or by inducing…
Q: Write out the mechanism for transimination, the reaction of an amino acid with enzyme-bound PLP to…
A: The transimination reaction, also known as the Schiff base formation,involving the transfer of a…
Q: Match the structures and common names of the three fatty acids to their systematic names.…
A: There are four classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Q: In the absence of an enzyme, a reaction has a Keq = 10¹5. i. Is AGO for the reaction + or -? ii.…
A: In a general reaction such as:aA + bB ⇌ cC + dDAt equilibrium (steady state), the concentration of…
Q: 13. What is the main function of the carnitine shuttle system? a. To aid in the assembly of…
A: Carnitine shuttle system is a special mechanism that consists of two transport proteins called…
Q: At pH ___, the pentapeptide AEHVC would contain two positively charged groups and one negatively…
A: Recall that:Amino acid sequences are written with N-terminal amino acid on the left and C-terminal…
Q: (a) The kinetic data given below are for the reaction catalyzed by prostaglandin endoperoxide…
A: According to Michaelis - Menton equation velocity of an enzyme increases with substrate…
Q: Complete the statement to make it true. Carbon monoxide binds to heme with a higher affinity than…
A: Complete the statement to make it true: Carbon monoxide binds to heme reversibly with a higher…
Q: Identify the species that are liganded to the porphyrin ring Fe(II) ion in deoxyhemoglobin (i.e., Hb…
A: The protein haemoglobin, which is present in red blood cells, is essential for the movement of…
Q: A researcher was studying red blood cells from a patient homozygous for the sickle cell mutation in…
A: In sickle cell anemia, a genetic condition, red blood cells can become deformed and "sickle-shaped"…
Q: Draw the most acidic forms of the following peptides: a. ELVIS b. LIVES c. Approximate the pI of…
A: The four types of biological macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Q: Macmillan Consider the data collected for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. % (mM-s-¹) 0.37 0.83 2.22…
A: For a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the Michaelis-Menton equation shows the quantitative…
Q: Some primitive animals have a hemoglobin that consists of two identical subunits. What would be the…
A: The structure of hemoglobin, particularly the number and arrangement of its subunits, significantly…
Q: how did you detremine the ln(2)?
A: The concept of 'ln' is nothing but simple mathematics. We can simply type - 'ln 2' in a calculator…
Q: Which statement is false of a competitive inhibitor? ○ It irreversibly inhibits the enzyme by…
A: Enzymes are high molecular weight proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. They contain a…
Q: You are characterizing a new DNA polymerase. In a test tube, you incubate the enzyme with all the…
A: DNA is a molecule made up of two strands twisted around each other in a double helix shape. Each…
Q: A particular DNA coding segment is ACGTTAGCCCCAGCT • Write the sequence of nucleotides in the…
A: The central dogma is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to produce a…
Q: Out of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin, carbohydrate polymers with beta linkages are O…
A: The alpha and beta linkages are types of glycosidic linkages which are formed between the hemiacetal…
Q: trypsin Enter your answers separated by a comma(s). Name peptides using the one-letter…
A: There are four classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Need help, please.
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 3 images
- Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.Conformational changes in channel proteins brought about by voltage changes are responsible for opening and closing Na+ and K+ gates during the generation of an action potential. (True or false?)Table Q1(a) shows typical values for the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the major ion species (in millimoles per litre) for frog skeletal muscle. Table Q1(a) Permeability (cm/s) 2 x 10-8 2х 10 Ions Intracellular Extracellular Na* 12 145 K+ 155 4 4 120 4 x 106 By referring to Table Q1(a), compute the equilibrium resting potential for this membrane by assuming the room temperature is 20° C. Given the Boltzman's constant, k = 1.38 x 1023 J/K and an electronic charge, q = 1.602 x 10-19 C.
- The membrane potential for an excitable cell membrane is -70 mV, for sodium ions the Nernst equilibrium potential is +50 mV, the conductivity of the single sodium channel is 10 pS. What is the electrochemical potential difference that is the driving force for sodium ions to migrate? How much current flows through an open sodium channel under these conditions?V=62 log 10 (C0/Ci ) for a positive ion at 37 degrees Celsius. What is theoretical ratio of solution ion across the membrane when the resting membrane potential is 124 mV?Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50 M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane equally permeable to both ions.
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane permeable only to Cl−.You have a semi permeable membrane with a membrane potential of -90mV. You also have two ions that are both permeable to the membrane, Na and Cl. Na has a concentration of 10mM inside the membrane and 120mM outside the membrane. Cl has a concentration of 1.5mM inside the membrane and 77.5mM outside the membrane. Use the nernst equation to calculate the electrochemical equilibrium of both ions, and show in which direction the netflux would be for each ion.Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 °C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.10 M on the “right side” and 0.01 M on the “left side”, given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (-). (a) Membrane permeable only to Na+ (b) Membrane permeable only to Cl– (c) Membrane equally permeable to both ions
- Use the Goldman Equation to calculate the resting membrane potential at 37°C for each case:For a typical vertebrate cell with a membrane potential of −0.070 V (inside negative), what is the free-energy change for transporting 1 mol of Na+ from the cell into the blood at 37 °C? Assume the concentration of Na+ insidethe cell is 12 mM and in blood plasma it is 145 mM.Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under normal physiological conditions: 4 mM serum potassium, 135 mM intracellular potassium, 37.1 °C, and resting potential -82 mV. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under disturbed conditions of 2 mM serum potassium. Assume all other parameters remain the same. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. What factors could limit the continued action of the sodium/potassium pump when only 2 mM potassium is present in the blood plasma? Note that under normal physiological conditions, the cell interior contains 11 mM sodium and the blood contains 140 mM sodium.