. The following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes,starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole.(a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in exces-sive urinary excretion of what compound? CH3OHOH-DMB(B2eон онOH OHÇo-DMBA- DMBAdenineАТРÇo*Pi+ PP-DMB(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfullytreated by injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kindof genetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessiveurinary excretion of what amino acid?

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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B) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many ouier cem types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: /1 b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as th perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzyn called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: a) In point form, describe the steps by which ATP is produced…
A. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of fatty acids. How does this process differ from the Biosynthesis of fatty acids? B. Outline the pathway involved in the synthesis of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate. C. Describe all the stages involved in the urea cycle (Transmination, Ammonia Transport, and stages of the urea cycle).
Gout is characterized by elevated uric acid concentrations in blood and urine due to a variety of metabolic abnormalities that lead to the overproduction of purine nucleotides. Allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout because this drug, and its metabolic product, alloxanthine, act as inhibitors of: а) Xanthine Oxidase PRPP synthetase c) Hypoxhantine guanine phosphoribosyl b) Adenyl succinate synthase d) transferase e) Nucleotides
On the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)
8. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood serum. What transaminase activity is inereased to a greater extent, and why? For the answer: a) explain the meaning of the enzyme diagnostics; b) draw the scheme of reactions catalyzed by ALT and AST; c) point out coenzyme of these reactions; describe vitamin from which this cocnzyme is derived; d) describe the biological importance of this type of reactions in amino acid metabolism; e) specify the demands which are claimed to enzymes been used in enzyme diagnostics.
4. The urea cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered, predating the description of the citric acid cycle by 5 years. Hans Krebs along with Kurt Henseleit used their Warburg manometer (pictured) to monitor the use of carbon dioxide and ammonia in the synthesis of urea. In the presence of a slice of liver, urea could be produced, but the reaction require ornithine and citrulline. Since citrulline is not consumed during the course of the enzymatic cycle, but is rather regenerated, Krebs described citrulline as a "catalyst" of the process. H2N ÑH2
Which of the following will decrease the level of uric acid in the body? O Decrease optimal concentration of xanthine oxidase inhibitor O Lower deaminase action O Higher purine phosphorylase activity
. The urea cycle occurs partially in the cytosol and partially in the mitochondria. Discuss the urea cycle reactions with ref- erence to their cellular locations.
. The optimal conditions for salivary lysozyme (hydrolyzing glycoproteins of bacterial wall) are 37 C - temperature and pH is 5.2. Explain the decrease in this enzyme activity if the temperature will rise up to 60 °C and pH will be changed to 8.0. To answer the question: a) draw the graph of the velocity dependency on temperature and pH; b) calculate the relative enzyme activity if 10 mg of lysozyme catalyzes the formation of 5 uM of the product per 2 minutes. Concidor NH3: 5.
1. The optimal conditions for salivary lysozyme (hydrolyzing glycoproteins ofbacterial wall) are 37 C- temperature and pH is 5.2. Explain the decrease in this enzyme activity if the temperature will rise up to 60 °C and pH will be changed to 8.0. To answer the question: a) draw the graph of the velocity dependency on temperature and pH; b) calculate the relative enzyme activity if 10 mg of lysozyme catalyzes the formation of 5 uM of the product per 2 minutes. 2 Consider the matic reaction schee: Asnaragine + H20 Aspartate+ NH3:
A patient is on a drug for a long time ("LKM A"). When inserting "LKM B", a drug interaction occurs. Which of the following alternatives describes a drug interaction where the levels of free "LKM A" in the blood are expected to increase? Select an alternative: CYP enzyme inhibition Inhibition of uptake transporter for "LKM A" in the gastrointestinaltract Increased secretion of "LKM A" in the gastrointestinal tract CYP enzyme inductionComplex binding
Describe the two phases of the the HMP shunt. Enumerate the reactions in each phase and the corresponding enzyme of each reation. Explain how the HMP shunt is regulated?

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