BONUS: Why do RNA viruses such as the COVID coronavirus, influenza virus and HIV have muchhigher mutation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses?O DNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases which copyviral DNAO RNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases which copyviral DNARNA viral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomesO RNA viral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases

Viruses may be either composed of RNA or DNA. The Genome is surrounded by a protein coat called…

utation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? olymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases wh NA olymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases wh NA iral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes iral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases

utation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? olymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases wh NA olymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases wh NA iral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes iral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter24: Viruses And Subviral Agents

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10TYU: Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA...

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Which viruses have potential for the highest mutation rates, DNA or RNA viruses? Explain O DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied RNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied RNA viruses as RNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied and DNA polymerases do proof read
Viruses with negative sense RNA genomes typically, make proteins by: (Ignore retroviruses, and the unusual characteristics of coronaviruses) Translation of short RNA transcripts generated by RDRP Generating a DNA copy, which is then transcribed by host RNA polymerase. Translation of the viral genome by host ribosomes. Production of a polyprotein, which must be cleaved into smaller proteins. Generating a negative sense genome copy, which is then translated by host ribosomes.
BONUS: Why can't RNA viruses use cellular RNA Polymerase to copy their genetic information? Because cellular RNA Polymerases are O RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase O RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase O DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase O DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase prt s home
O O O A new virus is discovered. Its RNA genome encodes several proteins, including a reverse transcriptase enzyme. What can you conclude about replication of this virus? Its replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate Its replication involves a DNA copy of its genome Its replication depends entirely on cellular enzymes Its replication is entirely independent of cellular enzymes 00 A deficiency in Base Excision Repair (BER) would primarily sensitize you to mutations caused by radiation, X-rays O Chemicals in smoke, and UV radiation O Unavoidable, spontaneously occurring DNA damage
How are poly-adenosine tails added to subgenomic mRNAs of RNA viruses? Repeated uracil bases on the template cause the polymerase to slip backwards and recopy the sequence Polymerases copy a 200 base string of uracils found in some RNA viral genomes Polymerases copy a 200 base string of uracils added to the template during circularization Viral mRNAs undergo post-translational modifications, which include splicing of introns, a 5'-cap, and a 3'-poly-A tail
Which viruses have potential for the highest mutation rates? Explain RNA viruses as RNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied RNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied O DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral RNA is copied O DNA viruses as DNA polymerases do not proofread thus make many mistakes/mutations when viral DNA is copied
Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain
Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
Remdesivir is an antiviral drug used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is a broad-spectrum antiviral, meaning it has activity against many different viruses. Remdesivir can be incorporated into a new RNA chain as a virus replicates and can interfere with the viral replication machinery. Template RNA Elongation New RNA SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase Template groove Nucleotide entrance Nucleotides Remdesivir Figure 1. A representation of remdesivir and the viral replication machinery for SARS-CoV-2. 6. Figure 1 shows that remdesivir "mimics” an important component of RNA replication. Which specific component of RNA replication has a structure like that of remdesivir? 7. Propose a hypothesis about how remdesivir might inhibit the virus's replication process.
18) In what way is RNA polymerase different than DNA polymerase? RNA polymerase takes part in the complimentary base pairing RNA polymerase can synthesize "De Novo" RNA polymerase is made out of RNA RNA polymerase works in the 5' to 3' direction
You are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.
art B-Processes occurring at a bacterial replication fork The diagram below shows a bacterial replication fork and its principal proteins. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the diagram to describe the name or function of each structure. Use pink labels for the pink targets and blue labels for the blue targ Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides. Catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation, joining DNA fragments. Leading strand Breaks hydrogen bonds, unwinding DNA double helix. Synthesizes DNA 5' to 3 on leading and lagging strands. Lagging strand Coats single-stranded DNA, preventing duplex formation. Relaxes supercoiled DINA. Synthesizes RNA primers on leading and lagging strands. e Overall direction of synthesis reset ? help