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Which TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose consumed levels are low?
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- Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?
- What aspect of β cell function ultimately fails as a result of overnutrition, causing the transition from insulin resistance to fullfledged type 2 diabetes?Compare the localization of GLUT4 with that of GLUT2 and GLUT3, and explain why these localizations are important in the response of muscle,adipose tissue, brain, and liver to insulinThe hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose.a) Discuss the antagonistic actions of the hormones insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels within a narrow physiological range.
- Pancreatic β cells express a receptor for fatty acids. Fatty acid binding to the protein appears to stimulate insulin secretion. Does this phenomenon make metabolic sense?Mutations in glucokinase which lower the kcat for the enzyme or elevate the Km for glucose result in mild to moderate elevation of blood glucose. Explain how these mutations cause diabetes-like symptoms in patients.Does the allosteric regulation induced by insulin activate (or repress) phosphofructokinase-1 activity?
- Which might be a physiological phenotype associated with loss of function of GLUT1? inability of glucose to enter the intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen and high glucose excreted accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelial cytoplasm loss of glucose transport into somatic tissues (such as neurons in the brain) low glucose levels in the bloodstreamUnder FASTING state, how do the hormonal changes bring about the effect to maintain glucose homeostasis in the body through the pathways of GLYCOLYSIS and GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLYCOGENOLYSIS and GLYCOGENESIS? (Please describe the signaling pathways in detail. )Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.(a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although you might expect glucagon to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed as well, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver.(b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers fromchronic hypoglycemia.(c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogenbreakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis.(d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.