| Adams, Robert M. Bad Mouth. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. |
| Algeo, John. Problems in the Origins and Development of the English Language. 3d ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. |
| . Vogue Words Through Five Decades. English Today 7, no. 1 (1990): 4446. |
| . A Meditation on the Varieties of English. English Today 7, no. 3 (1991): 36. |
| Allen, Harold B. and Michael D. Linn. Readings in Applied English Linguistics. 3d ed. New York: Knopf, 1982. |
| Allen, Irving Lewis. The Language of Ethnic Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. |
| The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. William Morris, ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969. |
| The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2d college ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. |
| The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 3d ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992. |
| The American Heritage Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. |
| Bagnall, Nicholas. A Defence of Clichés. London: Constable, 1985. |
| Bailey, Richard W. Dialects of Canadian English. English Today 7, no. 3 (1991): 2025. |
| Baker, Sheridan. The Practical Stylist. 6th ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. |
| Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English Since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart-Harper and Row, 1973. |
| . The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart Books, 1980. |
| . Third Barnhart Dictionary of New English. N.p.: H. W. Wilson, 1990. |
| Baron, Dennis E. Grammar and Good Taste. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. |
| Barzun, Jacques. A Word or Two Before You Go
. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1986. |
| Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 3d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978. |
| Beard, Henry and Christopher Cerf. The Official Politically Correct Handbook and Dictionary. New York: Villard Books, 1992. |
| Bernstein, Theodore M. Watch Your Language. Great Neck, N.Y.: Channel Press, 1958. |
| . The Careful Writer. New York: Atheneum, 1965. |
| . Dos, Donts, and Maybes of English Usage. New York: Times Books, 1977. |
| Bolinger, Dwight L. Truth Is a Linguistic Question. Language 49 (1973): 539783. |
| . Language: The Loaded Weapon. New York: Longman, 1980. |
| . Usage and Acceptability in Language/For the Affirmative. In The American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., pp. 3032. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. |
| Bremner, John B. Words on Words. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. |
| Brown, Ivor. A Word in Your Ear and Just Another Word. New York: Dutton, 1963. |
| Bryant, Margaret M. Current American Usage. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1962. |
| Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue. New York: Morrow, 1990. |
| Buckley, William F., Jr. Usage and Acceptability in Language/For the Negative. In The American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., pp. 3233. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. |
| Burchfield, Robert. Unlocking the English Language. New York: Hill and Wang, 1991. |
| Carver, Craig M. A History of English in Its Own Words. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. |
| Cassidy, Frederic G. The Dictionary of American Regional English. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985. |
| Cassidy, Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. The Dictionary of American Regional English. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. |
| Chambers English Dictionary. Catherine Schwarz, George Davidson, Anne Seaton, and Virginia Tebbit, eds. Cambridge: Chambers and Cambridge University Press, 1988. |
| Chapman, Robert L., ed. New Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Harper and Row, 1986. |
| Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures. Janua Linguarum 4. S-Gravenhage, The Netherlands: Mouton, 1957. |
| Claiborne, Robert. Our Marvelous Native Tongue. New York: Times Books, 1983. |
| . Saying What You Mean: A Commonsense Guide to American Usage. New York: Norton, 1986. |
| Clark, John O. E. Word Perfect: A Dictionary of Current English Usage. New York: Holt, 1987. |
| Clark, Virginia P., Paul A. Eschholz, and Alfred F. Rosa. Language: Introductory Readings. 3d ed. New York: St. Martins Press, 1981. |
| The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. |
| The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 3 (supps.). R. W. Burchfield, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. |
| The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 8th ed. R. E. Allen, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. |
| Copperud, Roy H. American Usage and Style: The Consensus. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980. |
| Craigie, Sir William A. and James R. Hulbert, eds. A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 193844. |
| Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. |
| Curme, George O. Syntax. Vol. 3 of A Grammar of the English Language in Three Volumes. Boston: Heath, 1931. |
| . Parts of Speech and Accidence. Vol. 2 of A Grammar of the English Language in Three Volumes. Boston: Heath, 1935. |
| Cutts, Martin. Clear Writing for Lawyers. English Today 7, no. 1 (1990): 4043. |
| Dean, Leonard F., Walker Gibson, and Kenneth G. Wilson. The Play of Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. |
| Evans, Bergen and Cornelia Evans. A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage. New York: Random House, 1957. |
| Evans, Ivor H. Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Centenary ed., rev. New York: Harper and Row, 1981. |
| Flexner, Stuart Berg. Listening to America. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982. |
| Foley, Stephen Merriam and Joseph Wayne Gordon. Conventions and Choices: A Brief Book of Style and Usage. Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1986. |
| Follett, Wilson. Modern American Usage. Jacques Barzun, Carlos Baker, Frederick W. Dupee, Dudley Fitts, James D. Hart, Phyllis McGinley, and Lionel Trilling, eds. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1970. |
| Fowler, H. W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926. |
| . A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. 2d ed. Sir Ernest Gowers, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965. |
| Francis, W. Nelson. Revolution in Grammar. Quarterly Journal of Speech 40 (1954): 299312. |
| . The Structure of American English. New York: Ronald Press, 1958. |
| Frank, Francine Wattman and Paul A. Treichler. Language, Gender, and Professional Writing: Theoretical Approaches and Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage. New York: Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern Language Association of America, 1989. |
| Freeman, Morton S. The Story Behind the Word. Philadelphia: iSi Press, 1985. |
| French, Christopher W. The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1987. |
| Fries, Charles Carpenter. American English Grammar. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1940. |
| . The Structure of English. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952. |
| . Linguistics and Reading. New York: Holt, 1963. |
| Gleason, H. A., Jr. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. Rev. ed. New York: Holt, 1961. |
| . Linguistics and English Grammar. New York: Holt, 1965. |
| Gowers, Sir Ernest. The Complete Plain Words. Sidney Greenbaum and Janet Whitcut, eds. Boston: Godine, 1988. |
| Greenbaum, Sidney and Janet Whitcut. Longman Guide to English Usage. London: Longman, 1988. |
| Guidelines on Sexism. N.p.: Prentice-Hall, 1979. |
| Harris, Zellig S. Structural Linguistics. Phoenix Books ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951. |
| Hendrickson, Robert. The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Facts on File, 1987. |
| Henley, Nancy and Barrie Thorne. Sex Differences in Language, Speech, and Nonverbal Communication: An Annotated Bibliography. Language and Sex: Dominance and Difference. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1975. |
| Howard, Philip. The State of the Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. |
| Hughes, Geoffrey. Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988. |
| Jespersen, J. O. H. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 190949. |
| Joos, Martin. The Five Clocks. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962. |
| . The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967. |
| Key, Mary Ritchie. Male/Female Language. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1974. |
| . Linguistic Behavior of Male and Female. In Harold B. Allen and Michael D. Linn, eds., Readings in Applied Linguistics, 3d ed., pp. 28193. New York: Knopf, 1982. |
| Krusinga, Etsko. A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4th ed. Utrecht: Kemink en Zoon, 1925. |
| Lamberts, J. J. A Short Introduction to English Usage. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. |
| Lightfoot, David. The Language Lottery: Toward a Biology of Grammars. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982. |
| Lipton, James. An Exaltation of Larks; or, The Venereal Game. New York: Grossman, 1968. |
| . An Exaltation of Larks: The Ultimate Edition. New York: Viking, 1991. |
| Los Angeles Times Stylebook: A Manual for Writers, Editors, Journalists, and Students. Frederick S. Holley, ed. New York: New American Library, 1981. |
| Lutz, William. Doublespeak. New York: Harper Collins, 1989. |
| McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. New York: Viking, Elizabeth Sifton Books, 1986. |
| McDavid, Raven I., Jr. The Dialects of American English. In W. Nelson Francis, ed. The Structure of American English, pp. 480543. New York: Ronald Press Company, 1958. |
| McMannus, E. Leo. A Coordinated President. English Today 6, no. 4 (1990): 36. |
| Marckwardt, Albert H. American English. 2d ed. J. L. Dillard, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. |
| Mathews, Mitford M. Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951. |
| Mellinkoff, David. The Language of the Law. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963. |
| Mencken, H. L. The American Language. 4th. ed. New York: Knopf, 1945. |
| . The American Language. Supp. 1. New York: Knopf, 1945. |
| . The American Language. Supp. 2. New York: Knopf, 1948. |
| . The American Language. 4th ed., with 2 supps. Raven I. McDavid, Jr., ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. |
| . The American Language. 4th ed., with 2 supps. Raven I. McDavid, Jr., ed. New York: Knopf, 1980. |
| Michaels, Leonard and Christopher Ricks. The State of the Language. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. |
| Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing. New York: Lippincott and Crowell, 1980. |
| . The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing. 2d. ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1988. |
| Montague, Ashley. The Anatomy of Swearing. New York: Macmillan, 1967. |
| Morris, William and Mary Morris. Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. |
| . Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. 2d ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. |
| Moss, Norman. British/American Language Dictionary. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Passport Books, 1984. |
| Nicholson, Margaret. A Dictionary of American-English Usage. New York: Oxford University Press, 1957. |
| Nilsen, Don L. F. and Alleen Pace Nilsen. Language Play: An Introduction to Linguistics. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1978. |
| Ogden, C. K. The System of Basic English. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934. |
| Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1946. |
| Oxford American Dictionary. Eugene Ehrlich, Stuart Berg Flexner, Gorton Carruth, and Joyce M. Hawkins, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. |
| An Oxford Anthology of English Poetry. Howard Foster Lowry and Willard Thorp, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1935. |
| The Oxford English Dictionary. 2d ed. 20 vols. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. |
| The Oxford Guide to the English Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. |
| Partridge, Eric. A Dictionary of Clichés. New York: Dutton [1947], 1963. |
| . Usage and Abusage. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Reference Books, 1963. |
| . A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 8th ed. Paul Beale, ed. New York: Macmillan, 1984. |
| Pence, R. W. and D. W. Emery. A Grammar of Present-Day English. 2d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1963. |
| Pooley, Robert C. The Teaching of English Usage. 2d ed. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1974. |
| Poutsma, Hendrik. A Grammar of Late Modern English. 2d ed. Groningen: Nordhoff, 191429. |
| Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 3d ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. |
| Randall, Bernice. Websters New World Guide to Current American Usage. New York: Websters New World, 1988. |
| The Random House College Dictionary. Rev. ed. Jess Stein, ed. New York: Random House, 1980. |
| The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. Jess Stein, ed. New York: Random House, 1966. |
| The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. 2d ed. Stuart Berg Flexner, ed. New York: Random House, 1987. |
| Random House Websters College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1991. |
| Rawson, Hugh. Wicked Words. New York: Crown, 1989. |
| Readers Digest. Success with Words. Peter Davies, ed. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Readers Digest Association, 1983. |
| Redfern, Walter. Clichés and Coinages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. |
| Richards, I. A. Basic English and Its Uses. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1943. |
| Rogets International Thesaurus. 5th ed. Robert L. Chapman, ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1992. |
| Rogets II: The New Thesaurus. Expanded ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. |
| Safire, William. On Language. New York: Times Books, 1980. |
| . Whats the Good Word? New York: Times Books, 1982. |
| . Fumblerules. New York: Doubleday, 1990. |
| Shakespeare, William. The Works of William Shakespeare. Vol. 2. William Aldis Wright, ed. New York: AMS Press, 1968. |
| Sledd, James. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1959. |
| Sledd, James and Wilma R. Ebbitt. Dictionaries and THAT Dictionary. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1962. |
| Sperling, Susan Kelz. Poplollies and Bellibones: A Celebration of Lost Words. New York: Penguin, 1977. |
| Stevens, William K. Study Finds Blacks English Increasingly Different. New York Times, March 15, 1985, A14. |
| . Stronger Urban Accents in Northeast Are Called Sign of Evolving Language. New York Times, July 21, 1985, A36. |
| Stookey, Lawrence Hull. The Use of Inclusive Language in the Worship of the Church. Washington, D.C.: Wesley Theological Seminary, 1982. |
| Strunk, William, Jr. The Elements of Style. 3d ed., rev. E. B. White, ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979. |
| Todd, Loreto and Ian Hancock. International English Usage. New York: New York University Press, 1987. |
| Trager, George L. and Henry Lee Smith, Jr. An Outline of English Structure. Washington: American Council of Learned Societies, 1957. |
| Urdang, Laurence. The Oxford Thesaurus. U.S. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. |
| Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: B. W. Huebsch [1899], 1922. |
| VIGILANS [pseud.]. Chamber of Horrors. New York: British Book Centre, 1952. |
| Watt, William W. A Short Guide to English Usage. Cleveland: World Publishing, 1967. |
| Websters Dictionary of English Usage. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1989. |
| Websters New Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1978. |
| Websters New World Dictionary of American English. Victoria Neufeldt and David B. Guralnik, eds. 3d college ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. |
| Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Frederick C. Mish, ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1983. |
| Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Philip B. Gove, ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1961. |
| Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. 10 vols. New York: Century Company, 1902. |
| Wilson, Kenneth G. The History of the English Language. In Albert H. Marckwardt, ed., Linguistics in School Programs: The Sixty-Ninth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part 2, pp. 10932. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education, 1970. |
| . English Grammars and the Grammar of English. In Leonard F. Dean, Walker Gibson, and Kenneth G. Wilson, eds., The Play of Language, pp. 10225. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. |
| . Van Winkles Return: Change in American English, 19661986. Hanover, N.H.: University Presses of New England for the University of Connecticut, 1987. |
| Wilson, Kenneth G., R. H. Hendrickson, and Peter Alan Taylor. Harbrace Guide to Dictionaries. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1963. |
| Zandvoort, R. W. A Handbook of English Grammar. London: Longmans, 1957. |