MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE (1)

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Lamar University *

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Biology

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May 1, 2024

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MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Quizzes, Review Questions, Study Guides Quiz #1 1. Which blood type is called the universal recipient? a. Correct Answer: AB 2. What kind of capillary is found in the liver where hormones are being produced? a. Correct Answer: Sinusoidal Capillaries 3. Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells by binding to the: a. Correct Answer: The amino acids on hemoglobin 4. Which of the following cells contain granules filled with histamine? a. Correct Answer: Basophils 5. Which of the following cells ingest bacteria and fungi? a. Correct Answer: Neutrophils 6. The bicuspid valve is closed: a. Correct Answer: When the left ventricle is in systole 7. An individual who is blood type AB negative: a. Correct Answer: Can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen 8. Which of the following is the correct conduction pathway for an action potential through the heart? a. Correct Answer: Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Right and Left AV Bundles, Purkinje Fibers 9. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: a. Correct Answer: Pump blood with greater pressure 10. Blood flows most slowly through: a. Correct Answer: Capillaries because they have the smallest diameters 11. Factors which directly aid venous return include all of the following except: a. Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole 12. What is the middle layer of the heart called? a. Correct Answer: Myocardium 13. An increase in the action potentials from the vasomotor center to tunica media of the arterioles causes: a. Correct Answer: Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure 14. Platelets:
a. Correct Answer: Stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break. 15. Which of the following is a protective function of blood? a. Correct Answer: Prevention of blood loss 16. During cardiac muscle contraction, the plateau phase is maintained by: a. Correct Answer: Ca + inflow is balanced by K + outflow, causing the membrane potential to level off 17. The function of the tunica media is to control the: a. Correct Answer: Diameter of a blood vessel 18. Resistance is the opposition to flow of blood through vessels. What of the following can quickly adjust resistance in the circulatory system? a. Correct Answer: Blood vessel diameter 19. In what order does the blood entering the heart from the body pass the valves of the heart? a. Correct Answer: Tricuspid, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Bicuspid, Aorta Semilunar Valve 20. Blood entering the pulmonary veins comes from the: a. Correct Answer: Lungs 21. OTHER QUESTION MOST MISSED BY THE CLASS – The resistance caused by peripheral resistance at a specific location in large arteries is: a. Correct Answer: Low because most of the blood in the vessel is not in contact with the vessel wall. Quiz #2 1. The kinds of hormones that do not enter the target cell and must use a 2 nd messenger are the: a. Correct Answer: Water Soluble 2. What kind of T-cell functions to decrease the amount of time between an infection and the immune response during all subsequent encounters with the same pathogen? a. Correct Answer: Memory T-cells 3. The group of adrenal hormones that helps regulate sexual behavior is the: a. Correct Answer: Gonadocorticoids 4. Functions of the lymphatic system include:
a. Correct Answer: Collects excess water and proteins from intercellular fluid 5. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an antigen? a. Correct Answer: They inhibit production of antibodies 6. Which of the following hormones is produced by the ovaries? a. Correct Answer: Estrogen 7. The thymus is most active during: a. Correct Answer: Childhood 8. Down-regulation occurs when: a. Correct Answer: When there is too much of a hormone and the cell reduces the number of hormone receptors 9. Which of the following endocrine glands function to store hormones secreted by the hypothalamus? a. Correct Answer: Posterior Pituitary Gland 10. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of antibodies? a. Correct Answer: They all bind to the same antigens 11. Interferon is produced in response to the presence of? a. Correct Answer: Viruses 12. Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called: a. Correct Answer: Hormones 13. Melatonin is a hormone produced in response to varying levels of daylight by the: a. Correct Answer: Pineal Gland 14. The thyroid gland is located: a. Correct Answer: In the neck, anterior to the trachea 15. The compound that most often acts as a second messenger is: a. Correct Answer: cAMP 16. The tonsils located behind the nasal cavity are the: a. Correct Answer: Pharyngeal Tonsils 17. Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by: a. Correct Answer: Plasma cells 18. Which of the following is the first defense against disease? a. Correct Answer: Skin 19. Natural Killer Cells: a. Correct Answer: Are lymphocytes that kill microbes and cancer cells 20. The innermost layer of the adrenal gland is called the:
a. Correct Answer: Medulla
Quiz #3 1. What is the approximate amount of oxygen being released when the partial pressure of oxygen is 30mmHg, and the blood has a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide? a. Correct Answer: 60% 2. What is the percent saturation of hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen is 30mmHg and the blood has a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide? a. Correct Answer: 70% 3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by: a. Correct Answer: Diffusion 4. The principal muscles of respiration are the: a. Correct Answer: Diaphragm and intercostals 5. Which of the following molecules or ions acts to directly increase the acidity of blood? a. Correct Answer: Hydrogen ions 6. The primary chemical that is monitored to determine how fast and how deeply we breathe is: a. Correct Answer: Carbon Dioxide 7. What occurs when the respiratory muscles contract, increasing the volume of the lungs? a. Correct Answer: Pressure in the lungs decreases, causing inhalation 8. The respiratory process that is the exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the lungs is called? a. Correct Answer: Pulmonary ventilation 9. The diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the blood is dependent upon which of the following? a. Correct Answer: A low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood 10. Which is the proper sequence of anatomical features that air must pass during an exhalation? 1. Epiglottis 2. Trachea 3. Tertiary bronchi 4. Internal nares 5. Oropharynx a. Correct Answer: 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 b. (Tertiary bronchi, Trachea, Epiglottis, Oropharynx, Internal nares) 11. What structure connects the pharynx to the trachea and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs? a. Correct Answer: Larynx 12. Which of the following increases bloods affinity for oxygen? a. Correct Answer: Greater partial pressure of oxygen 13. The function of the apneustic area is to:
a. Correct Answer: Prolong inspiration 14. Respiratory control centers are located in the: a. Correct Answer: Medulla Oblongata and Pons 15. The portion of the nose between the eyebrows is the: a. Correct Answer: Root 16. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases from lowest to highest in the sequence: a. Correct Answer: Alveolar Air, Arterioles, Venous Blood 17. An increase in altitude causes a decrease in gas exchange efficiency because: a. There are fewer gas molecules at higher altitudes, resulting in a decreased partial pressure of that gas. 18. The average atmospheric pressure on Mt. Everest is 250mmHg. If oxygen is 21% of the atmospheric pressure, what is its partial pressure? a. Correct Answer: 52.5mmHg = 250 x 21% 19. The pressure of a gas in a closed container is negatively related to the container’s volume is a statement of: a. Correct Answer: Boyle’s Law 20. Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, as if all other gases were not present is a statement of: a. Correct Answer: Dalton’s Law Week 2 Review Questions 1. What are the six primary functions of the endocrine system? a. Maintains the electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood. b. Responds to short- and long-term environmental changes. c. Helps the body cope with short- and long-term stress. d. Regulates growth, development, and reproduction. e. Regulates cellular metabolism and energy balance f. Couldn’t find a 6 th function. Do you have this? 2. What is a receptor? What is the difference between up and down regulation? a. A receptor is a protein located on the membrane or inside of the cell. b. Up-regulation occurs when there is a DEFICIT of a hormone, whereas down-regulation occurs when there is an EXCESS of a hormone. 3. Describe the differences between amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, and steroid hormones.
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