DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Lab Worksheet Mod 6 Biol 100L
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Biol 100L - Module 06 Lab: DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
You are going to walk through the steps of DNA Replication then Transcription and Translation to Protein.
If you need a refresher on DNA Replication watch Professor Daves video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9kp9wiYMQUU
Answer these questions:
1.
What two molecules form the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate groups
2.
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
3.
What are the only two possible pairings of DNA bases?
Adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine
4.
Why does DNA replication happen (what is it’s purpose)?
DNA replication happens so every cell will have a complete set of DNA after a cell divides
5.
What is the function (what do they do) these enzymes do in DNA Replication?
Helicase – helps in the unwinding of DNA
Primase – helps in the formation of the primer which initiates DNA replication
DNA Polymerase III – extends the primers, helps make the bulk of the new DNA, Ligase - helps to ligate the two nucleotides in a DNA strand
6.
Which strand builds the same direction as the replication fork?
Leading strand .
For 7 & 8: Write the complementary DNA strand for the given DNA template. This is replication.
Reminder: There are base pairing rules for writing the complimentary DNA strand for a
given template DNA strand:
A pairs with T; C pairs with G.
7. ATGTGGCTGATTCTGT
TACACCGACTAAGACA
-
8. CCAGCGATCAGTTATG
GGTCGCTAGTCAATAC
If you need a refresher on Transcription to Translation to Proteins watch Professor Daves video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q
Write the mRNA strand for the given DNA strand template. This is transcription.
Reminder: There is no Thymine in RNA, instead there is Uracil
1. ATGTCGCTGATACTGT
UACAGCGACUAUGACA
2. GAAGCGATCAGTTACG
CUUCGCUAGUCAAUGC
Now try the reverse: The following are pieces of mRNA. Give the DNA
strand from which it was transcribed.
3. GAGAUCUGGUUGGAAUCG
CTCTAGACCAACCTTAGC
Write the tRNA sequence for the given strand of mRNA
4. AGGUCAUGCAUGGGCAUGCAU
Let’s break it down further. For each mRNA codon below, give the tRNA anticodon.
5. UUC AAG
6. AUC UAG
7. CCG GGC
8. CGU _GCA__
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Related Questions
Activity 4.
Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below.
Sugar-Phosphate
Backbones
Nucleotide
Key:
O Adenine
O Thymine
I Guanine
I Cytosine
Hydrogen Bonds
Antiparallel DNA Strands
DNA Ladder
Double Helix
Fig. 9.DNA Structure.
Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-
biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html
1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide?
2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule.
3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?
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DNA strand below: 3’ T A C A T G C C G A A T G C C 5’ Discuss how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA. Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain.
1. Give the discussion of the entire procedure
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ACTIVITY 2: Protein Synthesis
1
2.
4.
DNA:
5.
3' A G C C GTA GA ATT
3. Carefully indicate the codons present in the mRNA strand from question 2.
5'
Using this strand of DNA as a template, DRAW A PICTURE of the complete DNA molecule. Include
ALL parts of the DNA molecule. You do not need to draw your molecule with atomic accuracy.
Now draw a complete picture of the mRNA strand that will be made from this DNA. Label
the 5' and 3' ends of your mRNA strand. (Use the given DNA strand at the top of this page
as your template...)
Draw a COMPLETE picture of all the tRNA molecules that will match up with the codons from
the previous question. Include ALL APPROPRIATE amino acids in your picture, and do not mix
up their order!
Draw a picture of the completed protein coded for by this strand of DNA (abbreviations are
fine). Show the amino acids in the same order they would be observed in the finished
protein.
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Need to understand how to do this: create the complementary strand of DNA to the DNA strand provided below:
1. ATAGGTCACCGTAA
2. TCCAGA
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Please help me to answer the following:
1. Explain how the synthesis of a DNA daughter strand growing toward a replication fork differs from the synthesis of a daughter strand growing away from a replication fork.
2. The base sequence ACGTCT represents a portion of a single strand of DNA. Please draw the complete double stranded molecule for this portion of the strand and use the representation to illustrate the replication of the DNA strand.Please clearly identify the nucleotide bases involved, the new strands formed, and the daughter DNA molecules.
3. Please explain the origin of Okazaki fragments.
Thank you very muxh for your help.
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384
Answer all the questions below please!
Required:
At least 3-4 sentences for each answer
Write answers in your own words (don't copy the
answers directly)
Choose one of the questions below to write a
follow-up question
Structure and Function of DNA and RNA
Q2.1- Hydrogen bonds can form with bases on the opposite DNA strands
in the double helix, or between the bases and H2O in the single stranded
conformation. Considering that the double helix is the most stable
conformation in water, how does this observation support the conclusion
that base stacking contributes more to helix stability than interbase
hydrogen bonding?
Amino Acids and Peptides
Q2.2-Using Table 4.3, list the amino acids that will carry a net charge at
pH 7 within a protein. What is the charge at pH 7 for each of the amino
acids you have listed (-2, -1, +1, etc.)? What is the net charge at pH 7 of
the tetrapeptide shown in figure 4.17?
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DNA strand below: 3’ T A C A T G C C G A A T G C C 5’ Discuss how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA. Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain.
1.
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DNA & RNA Structure
Base pairs-
What the backbone is made up of -
How many strands each molecule has -
Pyrimidines vs purines -
How many bonds each base pair has
DNA's function
DNA Replication
Why cells replicate
How to create a complementary DNA strand
What enzymes are?
Know the enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and DNA ligase
Vocabulary: replication fork, semiconservative, and complementary strand
The steps of DNA replication
Transcription
Know the central dogma
Where transcription takes place
What proteins are used for
Know how to make a complementary MRNA strand from DNA
Enzymes: RNA polymerase
Vocabulary: promoter
The steps of transcription (initiation, elongation, and termination)
What is the outcome of transcription?
Translation
Where translation takes place
Vocabulary: MRNA, TRNA, polypeptide, amino acid, codon, ribosomes
Know the start and stop codons
Be able to go from DNA->MRNA->codons->anticodons->amino acids
Know the tools for translation
The steps for…
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IV. Oswald Avery, McCarty and McLeod (Early 1940s)
After Griffith's experiment most scientists believed that the chemical transforming
bacteria was a protein, not a nucleic acid. Avery and his colleagues challenged that
assumption. Avery's work retested Griffith's hypothesis using a test tube assay in order to
determine which macromolecule was responsible for genetic information.
What molecule causes transformation? These experiments are extensions of Robert
Griffith's work.
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Materials
The diagram shows DNA replication with the daughter strands shown as green
arrows. According to the diagram, where can the 3' end of a DNA strand be
found?
Updates
Grades
O Mermbers
O Conferences
DBQ Online
Newsela
formation
Biology Periods 1 and 2
ading periods
hschool MP1, Highschool
2, Highschool MP3,
hschool MP4
ation
The point of the top green arrow.
ting days
Tue Wed Thu Fri
O The right side of the bottom template strand.
INTL
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on
15:
Given is a strand of DNA, fill in the corresponding RNA strand and find which amino
acids that strand codes for.
1. DNA=-T-A-C-A-T-A-T-G-C-C-T-A-A-C-T-
RNA=
Amino acids=
2. DNA=-T-A-C-C-C-C-G-G-A-A-T-G-A-T-T-
RNA=
Amino acids=
3. DNA=-T-A-C-G-A-T-T-A-T-G-T-C-A-T-C-
RNA=
Amino acids=
GENETIC CODE WORKSHEET
4. DNA= -T-A-C-G-C-T-A-T-T-T-G-A-A-C-T-M
RNA=
Amino acids=
5. DNA=-T-A-C-A-A-A-A-G-C-T-G-A-A-T-C-
RNA=
Amino acids=
300
AI
00
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DNA: The Secret of Life
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwPWv50YcMY
There were three main groups working to discover the structure of DNA. Who were the three different teams and what techniques were they using?
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Mama:
Compare and contrast the major similarities / differences between DNA synthesis on a leading and on a lagging strand . In your answer , you should address the directionality of DNA synthesis and the consequence on the two growing strands . Also , be Eure to include the enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication .
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201
US.
Sequence the following structures from smallest to largest
nucleus
chromosome
gene
DNA Nitrogenous base
cell
DELL
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F
#3
$
8.
4.
6.
8.
5
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Some Discoveries about DNA
1. DNA is made of deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate, and four nucleotides (A,
G, C, and T).
2. DNA was originally isolated from
white blood cells.
3. X-ray diffraction of the DNA
molecules shows that it is a helical
structure.
4. Adenine pairs with thymine and
guanine pairs with cytosine in any
sample of DNA.
5. DNA, not proteins, carries genetic
information.
Match the following scientists with their
discoveries listed above.
Discovery:
Hershey
Franklin
Chargaff
Levene
Scientist:
and
Chase
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Select the incorrect statement w.r.t. double helical structure of DNA.
1. The two chains of DNA run in anti-parallel fashion
2. The backbone is constituted by sugar-phosphate
3. The nitrogenous bases project outwards
4. Guanine is bonded with cytosine with three H-bonds
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ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS:
A DNA strand undergoes all the process included in the central dogma. The DNA strand used as a template is
given below:
Parent strand DNA:
DNA daughter strand:
5-AGA-ACT-AAA-CТА-ТСG-СTT-CGT-3'
hnRNA:
MRNA:
original protein:
mutated mRNA:
mutated protein:
second letter
A
G
UUUPhe
UCU)
UCC
UAU
UGU
Cys
UUC
U
UUA
UAC Tyr
UGC
Ser
UAA stop UGA stop| A
UAG stop UGG Trp
UCA
Leu
UUG
UCG
G
CUU
CCU
CAU
CGU
His
CAC
САА
CUC
CC
CGC
Leu
Pro
Arg
A
CUA
ССА
CG
CGA
Gln
CAG SO
AAU
CUG
CGG
AUU
ACU
AGU
AGC Ser
A
Asn
AUC lle
A
AUA
ACC
AAC
Thr
AAA
AAG Lys
GAU
АСА
AUG Met ACG
AGG Arg
GUU
GCU
GGU
U
Asp
GUC
GGC
GCC
GCA
GCG
GAC
Val
GUA
Ala
Gly
A
GAG Glu
GGG
GAA
GGA
GUG
G
Translating the unmutated MRNA that was obtained after splicing, the original protein sequence will be?
The original protein is [A]
(For your answer, use the one-letter symbol (all caps) for the amino acid residues separated by dashes, e.g. C-A-S-H).
first letter
third letter
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DNA replication
Which of the following does not occur during DNA replication?
Belect an answerand submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
One new molecule is formed by continuous synthesis while the other new molecule is formed in fragments.
DNA molecules unwind from each other.
Cellular processes proofread new molecules to check for errors.
P.
Two daughter molecules are formed for each template strand.
Unanswered
கறறenentary bases l
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ACTIVITY: DNA makes DNA
Instruction: The model of DNA is ready to be copied, Compared to the original double helix, evaluate the
copies made during three attempts of DNA replication. List any errors with the replication if they occurred:
Original
A
T
A
C2
Replication #1
C
C
G
C.
And
A
T
T
G
List problems If any:
Replication #2
C
A
And
G
T
A
G
List problems If any:
TA
TA
AG
AG
AT
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Discuss DNA replication (eukaryotic) based on your own understanding of the process. Make sure to mention all of the enzymes and components.
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AKS 5c1: The process represented in the model involves the creation of a
molecule that is complementary to the template molecule. According to the
model, what type of molecule is being created? *
Nontemplate strand
Polymerase
Ribonucleotide
Template strand
New DNA
Polypeptide
O Messenger RNA
Carbohydrate
V 0 4:57
Sign out
ET
O O O O
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(Optional) Describe the structure of DNA, discussing the DNA helix and the base pairs of
DNA, the overall structure of a chromosome, the structure of a gene, an mRNA, a
ribosome, and a protein. What are the relative sizes of each of these?
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Complete the complementary strand:
DNA replication
ATTCGAGGCTAA
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cytosine
In DNA, guanine always forms hydrogen bonds with
The process of eplication produces a new copy of an organism's genetic information, which is pass
What is the first step in the process of DNA replication? Unzip the DNA
Which enzyme is responsible for "unzipping" the DNA double helix? helicase
Which enzyme is responsible for assembling the DNA during replication? DNA polymerase
Why is DNA replication important to the growth and development of a multi-cellular organism?
Because the daughter cells need a complete set of DNA
Write the complementary bases of the strand below according to the base-pair rule.
ATCCAGTAG GAC
TAGGICATCCTG
Writing a Full Strand:
1.
A. Original DNA:
Complementary DNA:
CCT ATA TCT CTC TAT ATC TCT CAT ACT GTG TGT CTC TAT
B. Make identical strands of DNA
CCT ATA TCT CTC TAT ATC TCT CAT ACT GTG TGT CTC TAT (original)
(new)
A. Original DNA:
Complementary DNA:
(new)
(complementary from 1A)
CCG GAT TTT AAT TAG CTA CTA TCG TAC TAC GTT GGT GCT
B. Make identical…
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1. make your own sample representation of DNA replication. Complete your representation for a single helical turn.
2. prepare a representation of how mRNA is formed in the nucleus
3. Complete to build a Polypeptide. Start from the DNA template you made , the mRNA transcript formed, and finally the processed or synthesize proteins with the aid of the Genetic code table.
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- Activity 4. Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below. Sugar-Phosphate Backbones Nucleotide Key: O Adenine O Thymine I Guanine I Cytosine Hydrogen Bonds Antiparallel DNA Strands DNA Ladder Double Helix Fig. 9.DNA Structure. Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular- biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html 1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide? 2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule. 3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?arrow_forwardDNA strand below: 3’ T A C A T G C C G A A T G C C 5’ Discuss how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA. Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain. 1. Give the discussion of the entire procedurearrow_forwardACTIVITY 2: Protein Synthesis 1 2. 4. DNA: 5. 3' A G C C GTA GA ATT 3. Carefully indicate the codons present in the mRNA strand from question 2. 5' Using this strand of DNA as a template, DRAW A PICTURE of the complete DNA molecule. Include ALL parts of the DNA molecule. You do not need to draw your molecule with atomic accuracy. Now draw a complete picture of the mRNA strand that will be made from this DNA. Label the 5' and 3' ends of your mRNA strand. (Use the given DNA strand at the top of this page as your template...) Draw a COMPLETE picture of all the tRNA molecules that will match up with the codons from the previous question. Include ALL APPROPRIATE amino acids in your picture, and do not mix up their order! Draw a picture of the completed protein coded for by this strand of DNA (abbreviations are fine). Show the amino acids in the same order they would be observed in the finished protein.arrow_forward
- Need to understand how to do this: create the complementary strand of DNA to the DNA strand provided below: 1. ATAGGTCACCGTAA 2. TCCAGAarrow_forwardPlease help me to answer the following: 1. Explain how the synthesis of a DNA daughter strand growing toward a replication fork differs from the synthesis of a daughter strand growing away from a replication fork. 2. The base sequence ACGTCT represents a portion of a single strand of DNA. Please draw the complete double stranded molecule for this portion of the strand and use the representation to illustrate the replication of the DNA strand.Please clearly identify the nucleotide bases involved, the new strands formed, and the daughter DNA molecules. 3. Please explain the origin of Okazaki fragments. Thank you very muxh for your help.arrow_forward384 Answer all the questions below please! Required: At least 3-4 sentences for each answer Write answers in your own words (don't copy the answers directly) Choose one of the questions below to write a follow-up question Structure and Function of DNA and RNA Q2.1- Hydrogen bonds can form with bases on the opposite DNA strands in the double helix, or between the bases and H2O in the single stranded conformation. Considering that the double helix is the most stable conformation in water, how does this observation support the conclusion that base stacking contributes more to helix stability than interbase hydrogen bonding? Amino Acids and Peptides Q2.2-Using Table 4.3, list the amino acids that will carry a net charge at pH 7 within a protein. What is the charge at pH 7 for each of the amino acids you have listed (-2, -1, +1, etc.)? What is the net charge at pH 7 of the tetrapeptide shown in figure 4.17?arrow_forward
- DNA strand below: 3’ T A C A T G C C G A A T G C C 5’ Discuss how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA. Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain. 1.arrow_forwardDNA & RNA Structure Base pairs- What the backbone is made up of - How many strands each molecule has - Pyrimidines vs purines - How many bonds each base pair has DNA's function DNA Replication Why cells replicate How to create a complementary DNA strand What enzymes are? Know the enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and DNA ligase Vocabulary: replication fork, semiconservative, and complementary strand The steps of DNA replication Transcription Know the central dogma Where transcription takes place What proteins are used for Know how to make a complementary MRNA strand from DNA Enzymes: RNA polymerase Vocabulary: promoter The steps of transcription (initiation, elongation, and termination) What is the outcome of transcription? Translation Where translation takes place Vocabulary: MRNA, TRNA, polypeptide, amino acid, codon, ribosomes Know the start and stop codons Be able to go from DNA->MRNA->codons->anticodons->amino acids Know the tools for translation The steps for…arrow_forwardIV. Oswald Avery, McCarty and McLeod (Early 1940s) After Griffith's experiment most scientists believed that the chemical transforming bacteria was a protein, not a nucleic acid. Avery and his colleagues challenged that assumption. Avery's work retested Griffith's hypothesis using a test tube assay in order to determine which macromolecule was responsible for genetic information. What molecule causes transformation? These experiments are extensions of Robert Griffith's work.arrow_forward
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