Lab 06-Endocrine-System complete
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Lab 6 : Endocrine System
Learning outcomes of the lab exercises
:
1.
Identify and locate the major endocrine glands.
2.
Associate the hormones produced and secreted by the major endocrine glands with their target organ and their function.
"
You may never have thought of it this way, but when you send a text message to two friends to meet
you at the dining hall at six, you’re sending digital signals that (you hope) will affect their behavior—
even though they are some distance away. Similarly, certain cells send chemical signals to other cells
in the body that influence their behavior. This long-distance intercellular communication, coordination,
and control is critical for homeostasis, and it is the fundamental function of the endocrine system."
OpenStax A&P pg. 732
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
(which hangs from the base of the brain and sits in
sella turcica may then secrete 6 different hormones:
1.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
a.
controls growth of the body;
b.
targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue.
2.
Prolactin (PRL)
a.
stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands;
b.
targets the mammary glands.
4.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a.
controls the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland;
b.
targets thyroid gland.
4.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
a.
controls the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex;
b.
targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortex).
5.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
a.
response depends upon sex:
o
In females, maturation of an ovarian follicle and ovum;
o
In males, maturation of sperm in the testes;
6.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
a.
response depends upon sex:
o
In females, LH causes ovulation;
o
In males, LH causes secretion of testosterone.
B.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
1.
is located behind the anterior pituitary gland;
2.
is continuous with nerve fibers (supraopticohypophyseal tract) of the hypothalamus;
3.
does not
actually produce hormones (they are produced by the hypothalamus), but stores them until it is stimulated to release them;
4.
secretes 2 hormones: a.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
:
o
targets distal convoluted tubules (of kidney); o
causes DCT’s to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream, and
therefore increases blood pressure.
b.
Oxytocin (OT)
:
174
o
targets uterine smooth muscle and breasts;
o
causes uterine muscle contraction and milk production.
OpenStax A&P Fig. 17.11 Major Pituitary Hormones
C.
THYROID GLAND
: 1.
is located below larynx and around trachea;
2.
is involved in iodine uptake (in order to produce thyroxine (T
4
) & triiodothyronine
(T
3
) below);
3.
produces 3 hormones when stimulated by TSH:
a.
Thyroxine (T
4
)
& Triiodothyronine (T
3
)
:
increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen use to
produce ATP;
b.
Calcitonin
: o
release is triggered by an increase in blood calcium levels;
o
targets bone cells (stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits
osteoclast activity) & distal convoluted tubules (causes secretion
of excess calcium into urine);
175
o
Therefore, causes a decrease in blood calcium (and phosphate)
levels back to normal.
D.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
: 1.
consist of 4 small glands;
2.
are located within the thyroid gland;
3.
produce a hormone called Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
:
a.
release of PTH is stimulated by decreased blood calcium levels;
b.
PTH targets bone cells (activates osteoclasts to resorb bone), proximal
convoluted tubules (causes PCT’s to reabsorb calcium back into
bloodstream), and small intestine (promotes calcium absorption).
c.
Therefore, PTH causes an increase in blood calcium (and phosphate)
levels back to normal.
4.
PTH and calcitonin together maintain the homeostasis of Ca
++
in the blood.
E.
ADRENAL GLANDS
1.
are located atop the kidneys;
2.
are divided into an outer adrenal cortex
and an inner adrenal medulla
.
a.
Hormones of the
Adrenal Medulla
:
o
is located in the central portion of the adrenal glands;
o
produces 2 closely related hormones, which function in the
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
1. epinephrine;
2. norepinephrine
.
These hormones target:
1.
the heart (SA Node to increase heart rate);
2.
smooth muscle:
●
peripheral arterioles (vasoconstriction, which increases
blood pressure);
●
terminal bronchioles (bronchodilation, which increases
depth of breathing)
3.
the diaphragm (increased breathing rate).
b.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
:
o
is located in the outer portion of the adrenal glands;
o
produces many steroid hormones when stimulated by ACTH:
1.
Aldosterone
targets proximal convoluted tubules, causing
reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the blood
(increases blood pressure).
2.
Cortisol
targets all cells, where it regulates glucose
metabolism (along with T
3
and T
4
).
3.
Supplemental sex hormones (estrogens and androgens)
that target secondary sex organs.
176
OpenStax A&P Fig. 17.17 Adrenal Glands
F.
PANCREAS
: a.
is located behind the stomach on the left side of abdomen;
b.
functions as a mixed gland. (i.e. both an exocrine gland (digestion) and
endocrine gland (see below);
c.
Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets
(of Langerhans) 1. Glucagon
:
o
is produced by Alpha cells
(α-cells) in Islets of Langerhans;
o
Secretion is stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels (i.e.
fasting), glucagon increases blood glucose levels (i.e. causes
breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into bloodstream).
2.
Insulin
:
o
is produced by Beta cells
(β-cells) in Islets of Langerhans;
o
Secretion is stimulated by increased blood glucose levels (i.e.
after eating), insulin decreases blood glucose levels (i.e. moves
glucose from bloodstream into cells and promotes glycogen
formation in liver and skeletal muscle).
d.
Review how these two hormones regulate glucose homeostasis in blood.
G.
THYMUS GLAND
:
1.
is located in the mediastinum region behind sternum;
2.
produces a hormone called thymosin
that affects the maturation of lymphocytes
(T-cells);
3.
plays an important role in lymphatic system and immunity;
4.
decreases in size as we age.
H.
PINEAL GLAND
:
1.
is attached to the thalamus of the brain stem;
2.
secretes a hormone called melatonin
:
a.
production is stimulated by daylight (circadian rhythm);
b.
affects moods, emotions, etc.
I.
OVARIES:
1.
An ovarian follicle (and ovum) start to mature each month following puberty under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
a.
The developing follicle secretes estrogen
: o
Estrogen develops female secondary sexual characteristics (at puberty) and maintains them throughout life.
177
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Related Questions
For your performance output, choose
one from the given tasks.
1. Select four endocrine glands you have learned in this
lesson and find out some disorders that affect them.
Construct a chart describing the disorders, their causes,
and their treatments. Include picture of the disorders.
2. Create a song which narrates the
different glands, location, functions and
hormones released by the endocrine
system.
arrow_forward
Topic: Endocrine Physiology
1. Give 3 examples of lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones
2. What three types of signals control hormone secretion
arrow_forward
Activity
Direction: Answer the following question.
1. What is the Endocrine system?
2. Define Hyperthyroidism and explain why
one of its symptoms is weight loss.
3. What is the primary role of the
parathyroid gland?
4. How do hormones differ from the nervous
system?
5. How many hormones are secreted by the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
arrow_forward
Name:
Year and Section:
TABLE 22
II. Fill in the table with the specific hormone, location of target cell/organ, and
hormone function.
Gland
Anterior
Pituitary
Posterior
Pituitary
EXERCISE NO. 22
Endocrine Structure and Function
Thyroid
Gland, Hormone, Location of Target Cell/Organ,
and Hormone Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Date Submitted:
Group No.:.
3.
Hormone
Location of Target
Cell/Organ
Hormone Function
arrow_forward
. Identify the endocrine organ described by each of the following statements.
1.
located in the anterior neck; produces key hormones for metabolism
2.
produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
3.
a mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine
4. paired glands suspended in the scrotum
5.
bilobed gland located in the sella turcica
6.
found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production
7.
found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
8.
found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
405
arrow_forward
Answer the following questions briefly.
1.What is endocrine system and its functions.
2. Explain the relationships between a hormones and it's receptor
3. Name 3 ways that hormone secretion it's regulated
arrow_forward
Hi, can you help me with the following multiple choice questions: Thanks!!
Z. is a 27-year-old man with readily apparent thyroid goiter. He comments that he gained 5 pounds in the last year, and you notice that his weight is approximately 20 pounds greater than normal. What can you conclude about this patient’s thyroid function?
the goiter indicates that he is hyperthyroid
the combination of excessive weight and goiter indicates that he is hypothyroid
the combination of excessive weight and goiter indicates that he is hyperthyroid
he is probably euthyroid, because the weight gain eliminates the possibility of hyperthyroidism
it is not possible to make a conclusion from this information provided.
For an answer to be correct, both the symptom and the explanation must be correct. Which answer is incorrect?
the resting heart rate increases because circulating levels of catecholamines increase. Excess thyroid hormones stimulate the release of more adrenal catecholamines.
myocardial…
arrow_forward
(Max of 10 sentences only. Paragraph style only. No bullet points. Feel Free to include visuals as well.)
Identify then describe the major endocrine organ and the actions of the hormones it produces to regulate blood glucose homeostasis.
arrow_forward
Topic: Endocrine Physiology
1. What three types of signals control hormone secretion
arrow_forward
Question: 1
Posterior Pituitary Gland:
W. Receives information through the hypophyseal portal system ut of
X. Receives information through the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract Usage
Y. Accepts instructions in the form of releasing or inhibiting hormones.
Z. Signaled by action potentials to secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
a) if only W, X and Y are correct.
b) If only W and Y are correct
c) if only X and Z are correct.
d) If only Z is correct
e) If everything is correct
arrow_forward
(HBS 2.3.2) Place the following in the correct sequence for a thyroid feedback. Starts with: Hypothalamus detects low metabolic activity.
T3 and T4 are released
= Pituitary receptors are activated.
= TRH is released.
= Normal metabolic activity is restored.
= TSH is released
= Thyroid receptors are activated
arrow_forward
Match the following. Place letter answer in space provided at
left. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
1. A second messenger
A. ADH
2. chemical needed to convert glucose to ATP
B. Antagonistic
3. chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
C. autocrines
4. Effect of an increase in one hormone causing a decrease in another
D. Calcitonin
5. Effect of an increase in one hormone causing an increase in another
E. Corpus luteum
6. Effect where hormones are released via nerve fibers
F. DAG
7. Hormone responsible for the deposition of calcium
G. FSH
8. hormone types that has direct gene activation
H. Glycogen
9. Hypophyseal hormone released in response to low sugar levels
I. HGH
10. Identify generically the first messenger
J. Hormone
11. Identify the enzyme involved in PIP calcium signaling
K. Liver
12. identify the hypothalamic hormone that regulates serum water levels
L. Neuronal
13. identify the hypothalamic hormone that aids in milk ejection
M. None of…
arrow_forward
22222
EXERCISE
18
Name
REVIEW SHEET
Functional Anatomy
of the Endocrine Glands
Lab Time/Date
Gross Anatomy and Basic Function of the Endocrine Glands
1. The endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body. However, the nervous system has been
compared to a text message and the endocrine system to mailing a letter. Briefly explain this comparison.
brbl
2. Define hormone:.
3. Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the
and the
4. Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements:
1. located in the anterior neck; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
2. produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
3. a mixed gland, located posterior to the stomach and close to the small intestine
4. paired glands suspended in the scrotum
lim ni bevi
5. bilobed gland located in the sella turcica
6. found in the pelvic cavity of the female, responsible for ova and female hormone production
7. found in the upper thorax overlying…
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UNIT 10B QUIZ
Name
Date
(continued)
Section
8 What is a negative feedback loop? Cite an example of a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system.
9 List the stimulus for secretion for each of the following hormones (note that some hormones are stimulated by other
hormones):
a Glucagon
b Calcitonin
c Parathyroid hormone
d Thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3)
e Cortisol
f Antidiuretic hormone
10 List the target tissue and effects of each of the following hormones:
a Insulin:
b Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
c Growth hormone:
d Prolactin:
Annandale Campus
Endocrine System QUIZ
UNIT 10B I 25
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Intro to Neuro Question: Steroid hormones...
Group of answer choices
Are synthesized from cholesterol
Play a major role in sexual development
Penetrate cell membranes
All of the above
Both A and B
Is my reasoning correct?
Steroid hormones:
Are synthesized from cholesterol: True. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Play a major role in sexual development: True. Steroid hormones include sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, which are crucial for sexual development and reproductive functions.
Penetrate cell membranes: True. Steroid hormones are lipophilic and can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes to act on intracellular receptors.
Given these facts, the correct answer is:
All of the above.
arrow_forward
Please match the following hormones with their functions.
Increases thyroid hormone
secretion
1. ADH
Regulates cell metabolism
2. Glucagon
Increases milk production in
females
3. Oxytocin
Prolongs sympathetic
response
4. Epinephrine
Increases uterine
5. Thyroxine
contraction
6. Prolactin
Increases blood sugar
7. ACTH
Decreases urination
8. TSH
Stimulates tissue growth
9. GH
Increases steroid release
arrow_forward
Case Study, Chapter 79, Endocrine Disorders
Marilyn Wilson, 24 years old, is brought to the emergency department by the paramedics. Marilyn was stopped by the police this morning when the officer noted she was driving erratically. The officer also noted a strong smell on her breath after stopping her; he wondered if it could possibly be due to alcohol ingestion. Marilyn is lethargic and confused when she is asked about time, date and place but, is oriented to self. She denies any chronic illnesses and does not have a medical alert on her body or in her wallet. Her vital signs reveal: blood pressure of 88/56; pulse of 98; respiratory rate of 22 and oral temperature of 97.2ºF, and her weight appears to be in proportion with her height. An IV line of normal saline is started after blood work is drawn and is running at 200mL/hr. An initial finger stick blood sugar is obtained but reads “too high” for the meter to provide results. Blood tests are ordered “stat” and a blood sugar returns…
arrow_forward
Matching
Match each term in Column I with its correct description in Column II.
COLUMN I
COLUMN II
1. АСТH
a. master gland of the endocrine system
2. adrenals
b. any gland of internal secretion
c. a hormone secreted by adrenals
3. cortisone
4. gonad
d. regulates use of calcium
5. endocrine
e. the secretion of any endocrine gland
f. helps body meet emergencies
g. sex gland
6. hormone
7. insulin
8. parathyroid
h. regulates body metabolism
i. one of the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
j. necessary to maintain levels of blood glucose
k. hypofunction of endocrine glands
9. pituitary
10. thyroid
arrow_forward
Topic: Endocrine Physiology
1. Which hormone is responsible for the thickening of endometrium?
2. This hormone is responsible for masculinity and libido in men.
3. This is also known as adrenaline.
4. The major hormone found in the adrenal medulla is ____.
5. The major glucocorticoid is ______.
6. The dominant mineralocorticoid is _____.
arrow_forward
MS Manal is a 42yo female complains of constant fatigue, despite a full
night's sleep. She says her mood is poor and does not have any energy
to do anything. She is noted to be wearing a sweater despite warm
weather and her hands seem very dry. Labs: T4(free)-low. TSH-high.
What is your evaluation of this patient:
a. Hyperthyroidism and needs levothyroxine
b. Hypothyroidism and needs levothyroxine
c. Hypothyroidism and no need for treatment now
d. Hyperthyroidism and needs PTU
arrow_forward
V.
To understand the function of the anterior pituitary, fill in the blanks in the sentences, which
are numbered to coordinate with the numbered structures in the illustration
-3
1. Neurons within the.
hypothalamus
synthesize various hormones th.at act on the
anterior pituitary. Some of these hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones; these
hormones. Othets suppress hormone
hormones are called
teleasing
secretion by the anterior pituitary: these hormones are called
(In the figure, color the neurons yellow.)
Lin hi liting
hormones.
2. These neurons release their hormones into a system of blood vessels called the
hypo thalama-
hypephyscad portal system
(Color the structure described in this sentence light blue.)
pituitary gland
where the
3. From there, the blood travels straight to the.
hormones act on target cells. (Insert a series of small red dots to show the path traveled by the hormones.
Insert small black arrows to show where the hormones are acting on…
arrow_forward
Use the list of terms provided to label the accompanying illustration of the organs of the
endocrine system. Check off each term as you label it
I.
o testes
a pancreas
o thyroid gland
o thymus gland
o pineal gland
o ovaries
o parathyroid glands
Dadrenal cortex
D adrenal medulla
D anterior pituitary gland
o posterior pituitary gland
o hypothalamus
Neuroendocrine organs
Endocrine organs
a
e
Anterior
view
Posterior
view
h
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hypothalamus
(D
3.
Identify the letter on the flow chart that would represent the pituitary gland.
Answer:
b.
Identify the name of the hormone that is released from the pituitary gland and the
letter on the flow chart that represents it.
Answer:
Identify the endocrine gland that is targeted by this pathway and identify which
letter on the flow chart represents this gland.
c.
Answer:
d.
As a result of this regulatory pathway, identify two hormones that are released from
this endocrine gland.
Answer:
е.
Describe the effects of these two hormones on the body systems and tissues.
Answer:
arrow_forward
You will make a presentation to show your work. How would you like to present your findings to the Chief Resident? Your presentation to the Chief Resident needs to make clear connections between a symptom and the hormone affected. Ask yourself, how does the change in the hormone feedback diagram explain the symptom?
Your diagnosis should be explained by analysing the results.
Finally, suggest a treatment for your patient. What could you recommend to relieve their symptoms or cure their disorder? Your recommendation should be justified so that the Chief Resident can see how the treatment fits into your understanding of the change in the feedback diagram for hormone in this disorder.
Can you help me with this presentation?
arrow_forward
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