Lab 11 Heart
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LAB 11: HEART
TOPICS:
Structure of the heart
Path of blood flow
Heart rate
ECG
Blood pressure
BACKGROUND:
The general function of the heart was not understood until the early 1600s, when William Harvey demonstrated the pathway of circulation. Harvey showed, in a series of very elegant experiments, that our hearts drive the blood in a figure-eight pattern between the lungs and the body tissue, with the heart at the center. As you can see, a complete journey through the circulation in a mammal involves two passages through the heart. The right side of the heart drives blood through the lungs to
load oxygen, making the blood red in color. This is the pulmonary circulation
. The left side of the heart supplies blood to all the other tissues, where oxygen is delivered, turning the blood bluish/purple in color. This is the systemic circulation
. Both of these circuits have arteries, veins, and capillary beds. Because mammals, birds, and many crocodiles have separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, we are said to have double circulation
. Fish, however, have a single circulation, so they must drive the blood through two capillary beds in sequence. This isn't very efficient, compared to our system, but is perfectly adequate for fish. Amphibians and reptiles present a nice evolutionary intermediate with their double circulation and three-chambered hearts (two atria and one incompletely divided ventricle). Each side of the mammalian heart has two chambers. The receiving chamber on each side of the heart is called the atrium
, and the chamber that pumps blood out to the arteries is called the ventricle
. In order to keep blood flowing in one direction, there are valves at the entrance and exit of each ventricle. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves
. The right atrioventricular valve is also called the tricuspid valve
, and the left atrioventricular valve is also called the bicuspid
,
or mitral valve
. The valves between the ventricles and the arteries are called the semilunar valves
. The valve on the right side (guarding the entrance to the pulmonary artery) is the pulmonary semilunar valve
and the valve on the left side (guarding the entrance to the largest systemic artery, the aorta) is the aortic semilunar valve
.
Everyone knows that a beating heart produces sound: "lubb-dup, lubb-dup, lubb-
dup..etc." The lubb
is the simultaneous slamming shut of both atrioventricular valves, and the dup
is the shutting of the semilunar valves. If someone is born with a valve defect or if one of these valves is damaged by disease, blood leaks backwards or regurgitates
. This produces the lisping or sloshy noises we refer to as a heart
murmur
. DIAGRAM OF THE MAMMALIAN HEART:
The beating of the heart is stimulated by rhythmic impulses generated within the sinoatrial node
of the right atrium. There is a tiny electrical current generated in this process at a certain rate, which is called your heart rate
. This current spreads first to the right and left atria, causing them to contract and push blood to the ventricles. It then spreads to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract and push blood to the arteries. Chamber contraction is called systole
, and chamber relaxation is called diastole
. The electrical current that moves through the heart is also transmitted to the surface of the body by the conductivity of our tissue fluids and can therefore be detected with electrodes placed on the skin. The resultant spikes are the normal electrocardiogram
(
EKG or
ECG
). Each "heartbeat" is recorded as three peaks. The first (and smallest) peak is the P-wave
, arising from contraction of the atria. The second (and tallest) peak is the QRS-complex
. This is produced by both relaxation of the atria and contraction of the ventricles. The third peak is the T-wave
, representing the relaxation of the ventricles.
Arteries
are relatively thick-walled vessels that always carry blood away from the heart.
Large arteries close to the heart tend to be elastic (see blood pressure), whereas the smaller arteries more distant from the heart tend to be muscular. Veins
have relatively thinner walls and a larger passage (
lumen
) for the blood within. Operating at much lower pressures, veins always carry blood toward the heart. Capillaries
are not much larger than the diameter of a single red blood cell, very thin-walled, and located in voluminous beds in or near all of the body's tissues. The blood flow slows down in the capillaries to facilitate the exchange of respiratory gases and other metabolites. In order for blood to flow through any circuit, there must be a difference in pressure between the arteries and veins, with the pressure in arteries being higher than the pressure in veins. Blood pressure in arteries can be measured. This pressure is not a constant number, but rather rises and falls between a peak value (called systolic pressure
) and a low value (called diastolic pressure
). The reason for this rise and fall of pressure is because the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries in spurts, and the elastic walls of the arteries are stretched by the force of the incoming blood and then
recoil to push the blood onwards. It is important to routinely assess blood pressure because if it falls too low, there won’t be adequate blood flow, and if it rises too high, it can damage vessels and the heart. When measuring blood pressure, a sphygmomanometer
(aka. blood pressure cuff) is used to temporarily constrict the vessel and halt blood flow. You can listen to blood flow through a stethoscope over an artery. Whenever the pressure in the cuff is higher than the pressure in the artery, blood won’t be able to flow through the artery, which is silent. When the pressure in the cuff is lower than the pressure in the artery, blood is able to flow. If the pressure in the cuff is in between systolic and diastolic pressure, blood enters the artery in spurts, which makes sounds called Korotkoff sounds
. The first and
last Korotkoff sounds indicate the pressures that are systolic and diastolic, respectively.
PROCEDURES
:
Heart structure and flow of blood:
Complete these sections of the worksheet.
Heart rate:
As the heart pushes blood through arteries, the arteries expand with the flow of the blood. This can be felt in certain arteries that are close to the skin. The normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60-100 beats per minute. Pulse can be checked in several arteries, including the carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and radial arteries. Today you will measure your pulse either at the radial artery on your wrist or the carotid artery in your neck. Measure for 30 seconds and multiplying by 2. Record your heart rate in your worksheet.
ECG:
All students will record their own ECG and label it. 1.
Turn on the machine. Clean both wrists and both ankles with an alcohol swab. Attach an electrode sticker to each area, tab pointing down. Then apply the following leads to these stickers: White – right wrist; Green – right ankle; Black – left wrist; Red – left ankle. Make sure that the snap tips are not touching the sticky part of the electrode.
2.
Select the ‘(I, II, III)’ lead channel using the blue up and down arrows. To start the
ECG recording, press the ‘MANUAL PRINT’ button. Press the red ‘STOP’ button to stop. You only need a few inches of recording.
3.
Obtain your ECG strip. Label p, qrs, and t on the Lead II section of your ECG strip. Also indicate what causes each wave (contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles). Then paste the strip into your lab, or insert a photo of it on your submission. Blood pressure:
1. Wrap the cuff around your partner's bare upper arm. Make it snug, but not tight. Blood flow should not be restricted. 2. Clean the earpieces of the stethoscope with an alcohol swab. 3. Place the disk of the stethoscope over the joint of the arm (inside the elbow). Two large arteries run below this point. 4. Twist the small knob at the bulb clockwise, squeeze the bulb, and inflate the cuff to about 140. The cuff can begin to hurt by 150-160, so be careful. Watch the cuff. It
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Related Questions
Calculate heart rate (BPM) with dimensional analysis. Heart is beating ever 1.13 seconds what would be the calculated heart rate per minute?
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the heart activity.
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CIRCULATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF THE CAT
1. What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries? What makes pulmonary circulation different from systemic circulation? What is a portal system?
2. Trace the flow of blood in the cat’s heart, including closely associated blood vessels. Please illustrate and label the blood vessels and sections of the heart.
arrow_forward
An artificial heart works in closed loop by varying
its pumping rate according to changes in signals
from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback
compensation design it is important to know the
heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this
transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a
calf while the main parts of the original heart are left
in place. Then the atrial pumping rate in the original
heart is measured while step input changes are
effected on the artificial heart. It has been found
that. in general, the obtained response closely
resembles that of a second-order system. In one
such experiment it was found that the step response
has a %OS = 30% and a time of first peak 7,
127 sec (Nakamura, 2002). Find the corresponding
transfer function.
Aside from the corresponding transfer function, determine
the following as well: delay time, rise time, settling time and
steady state error if input is a step response.
CO
M
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Throughout the development of prosthetic heart valves, how might application of nanotechnology be used to improve the strength of the prosthetic heart valves and reduce complications and failures? Discuss.
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Fetal Pig Heart and associated vessels diagram
Explain the pathway of blood flow in the fetal heart. Describe how that pathway changes after the pig is born. What kinds of birth defects arise went the pathway of blood flow in the heart does not change at birth? What is the importance of the coronary artery? What happens when the vessels become clogged? What would be the difference if the clog occurs near the bottom of the heart vs the top of the heart? How do angioplasty and heart-bypass surgery relate to this? What medications are used to treat blocked coronary arteries? What is the role of SA and AV nodes, the bundle of HIS, and Purkinje fibers? What medical intervention is implemented in cases when the mechanism fails?
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Let's Review - Human Circulation
Your textbook begins the discussion of the path that blood takes around the body starting at the right atrium. But remember that this path a cycle, and therefore there is no
true beginning or end. To make sure you have the idea, I would like you to trace the flow of blood around the human body starting at the AORTA. Complete the activity below.
1
E Right Atrium
E Right ventricle
3
Aorta
4
Left Ventricle
5
: Left Atrium
6
Vena Cava
7
| Cells of the body
8
| Lungs
::::
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Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a double circulation). Please include in your description all the steps illustrated in slide #16 of the Cardiovascular System PowerPoint presentation (Lectures 5&6), as well as the opening and closing of all heart valves (refer to slide #21), and the signals arising from the SA and AV nodes (shown in slide #25). How does this cycle contribute to metabolic homeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of the valves?
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The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.
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Concisely describe the path of depolarization in
the heart, include where the signal for contraction
starts and explain why it is functionally important
that there is a delay between where depolarization
starts in the atria and depolarization in the
ventricles.
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The circulation and the homeostasis of the cellular environment: Describe (in the correct order) the sequence of blood flow through a four chambered mammalian heart. Be sure to address the following:
Begin with the return of oxygen poor blood from the body (that is cells other than the lungs).
Describe the chemical O2/C02 and glucose content of the blood in the key locations
Describe the mechanisms that regulate the functioning of the system to maintain homeostasis.
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In the given table, three of the anatomical and physiological terms are similar or related; one does not belong with the other three. Choose the term that does NOT belong in each of the following groups.
A
B
C
D
1
Pulmonary Trunk
Vena Cava
Right Side of the Heart
Left Side of the Heart
2
QRS Wave
T Wave
P Wave
Electrical Activity of the Ventricles
3
AV Valves Closed
AV Valves Opened
Ventricular Systole
Semilunar Valves Open
4
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Left AV Valve
5
Pulmonary Valve
Umbilical Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Superior Vena Cava
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4.4. On the circulatory system, what are the correct statements?
PHYSIOLOGY_advanced (OJO)
Pacemaker cells of the heart are neurons with a stable resting membrane potential.
Pacemaker cells of the sinus node, located at the left atrium, determine the heart beat frequency.
Cardiac output is a function of the heart beat frequency and the stroke volume.
The Frank-Starling mechanism allows coupling of the venous return with the stroke volume.
Within each capillary bed there is a net loss of liquid to the extracellular space; this imbalance depends on the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure gradients.
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Discuss the differences between myogenic and neurogenic hearts and explain what the role of regulatory neurons is to control cardiac output. If possible, include in your answer examples from different organisms for each type of heart.
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The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux
of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure,
whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the
heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure
waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by
the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a
pressure generating pump which is directly connected to
an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is
connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of
the firefighter).
5
Pump
Heart
Air
Windkessel
Elastic arteries
In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta
must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass,
this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To
find these…
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Scenario: A patient arrives at the clinic complaining of an increased heart rate and is feeling some nausea. Multiple tests are performed and an ECG reveals that the patient has abnormal P waves and an unusually fast heart rate. Their blood pressure is also found to be high.
Question Stem: Based on their ECG, which of the following phases of the cardiac cycle might be abnormal in this patient?
Answers A - D
A Isovolumetric ventricular ejection
Atrial contraction
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
D
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
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The standard EKG consists of 10 sensors that record 12 leads of the heart’s electrical activity from different angles, allowing for a thorough three-dimensional interpretation of its activity. This is transmitted by the electrodes to the equipment to be interpreted and is used to diagnose cardiac medical conditions. In case of an abnormal EKG, the second step would be to use a Holter monitor.
How would you explain to your classmates how to perform an EKG (steps)?
Where will you place the electrodes when performing and EKG? Why?
What are the different lead types, connections, and placements?
When you conclude an EKG, what are the different components that you need to observe and confirm before you disconnect the patient? Can you explain the difference between normal, abnormal, and artifacts?
What is a Holter monitor? Under what circumstances would one be ordered for a patient?
How do you use a Holter monitor?
Educate a patient: What you will do before, during, and after an…
arrow_forward
KEY
Stimulus
Medullary
cardiovascular
control center
Sensory receptor
Integrating center
Efferent path
Effector
Change in
blood
pressure
Parasympathetic
Carotid and aortic
baroreceptors
neurons
Sympathetic
neurons
SA node
Ventricles
Veins
Arterioles
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1. In the diagram above, describe the role of the integrating center and two of the effectors.
2. What will atherosclerosis do to the peripheral resistance?
3. What will atherosclerosis do to the heart rate
arrow_forward
| 15
HEART
The structure of the heart allows it to serve as two distinct pumps. One side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
while the other side propels oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart is unique in other ways as well. For
example, it consists of muscle found nowhere else in the body. What's more, cardiac cells can generate and
transmit electrical impulses spontaneously. Learn more about the characteristics of this vital organ by completing
the activities in this chapter.
Conceptualize in Color Heart Layers
Test your knowledge of the layers of the heart's wall and the pericardium by coloring the figure as suggested.
• Endocardium: Light pink
• Myocardium: Dark pink
• Fibrous pericardium: Orange
• Serous pericardium: Light blue
• Place green Xs in the pericardial space.
• Draw a bracket linking the layers that make up the
serous pericardium.
Chapter 15 Heart
185
chapter
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Discuss why the heart is called a double pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
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Fill in the Blank: Match the number to the part of the heart in the flow of circulation.
Superior Vena Cava/[1] --> Right Atrium --> [2] --> Pulmonary Artery --> Lungs --> [3]--> [4] -->
Left Ventricle--> [5] --> Body
1
2
3
4
5
៦
8
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
A
W
P
&
B
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We analyzed the difference between the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell and an action potential in a neuron. Describe the physiological mechanisms behind the primary difference in the shape of these two action potentials. Why is this feature important to the normal workings of the heart?
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My Steve Dixon, a 55 year old male, has been admitted to the hospital for a heart attack (myocardial infarction). The Mr. Dixons cardiologist has ordered the nuclear medicine department to obtain a scan to measure to function of his right and left ventricles post–myocardial infarction. What is the name of the nuclear medicine scan being performed?
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Based on the Image below make a simple explanation (be unique, you can present it through diagrams or shapes) about the flow of blood into and from the heart.
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What condition(s) does increasing the diameter of the left flow tube simulate in the human heart
(A) increasing afterload
(B) increasing preload
(C) increasing viscosity of the blood
(D) increasing the contractility of the ventricles
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In conditioned athletes, the resting Heart Rate is generally much lower than in non-athletes. Why?
a-because long-term exercise reduces Cardiac Output at rest to conserve energy
b-because athletes have a smaller Stroke Volume at rest, causing Heart Rate to decrease as well
c-because long-term exercise leads to increased vagal tone which slows Heart Rate
d-because athletes have stronger ventricles and therefore a larger Stroke Volume at rest, so they require fewer bpm to achieve the same Cardiac Output
arrow_forward
. A series of simple, well-labelled, schematic diagrams to illustrate the chambers of the heart and how the movement of blood is controlled through the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
. A table to summarise the key differences in heart structure between fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Estimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions:
Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s.
The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm.
Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat.
Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.
arrow_forward
Blood is pushed out of the heart through a large vessel, called the aorta. The aorta then divides into smaller and smaller blood vessels, eventually reaching vessels called capillaries. Capillaries are so small that oxygen and nutrients can diffuse across the vessel walls and into the tissues of the body, with CO2 and waste diffusing back into the blood.
Let's say that the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 1 cm2 = 100 mm2. The blood pumps through the aorta at 100 mm/s but only through the capillaries at 1 mm/s. If each capillary has a cross-sectional area of 20 mm2, how many capillaries must there be in the body?
Note: these numbers are not physiologically correct, but were chosen to make the math easier. The blood velocity through the aorta is closer to 300 mm/s. The capillaries have a total cross-sectional area of ~600,000 mm2 (6000 cm2), with a blood flow rate closer to 0.2 mm/s.
arrow_forward
Outline the flow of the electrical impulse through the conduction system of the heart by choosing the correct sequence from the drop-down menusFill the slots with the terms provided
(A) leads to (B) leads to (C) leads to (D) leads to (E)
Terms to use: Purkinje fibers
SA node
AV node and atrial contractile cells
Ventricular and contractile cells
right and left bundle branches
arrow_forward
The standard EKG consists of 10 sensors that record 12 leads of the heart’s electrical activity from different angles, allowing for a thorough three-dimensional interpretation of its activity. This is transmitted by the electrodes to the equipment to be interpreted and is used to diagnose cardiac medical conditions. In case of an abnormal EKG, the second step would be to use a Holter monitor.
How would you explain how to perform an EKG (steps)?
Where will you place the electrodes when performing and EKG? Why?
What are the different lead types, connections, and placements?
When you conclude an EKG, what are the different components that you need to observe and confirm before you disconnect the patient? Can you explain the difference between normal, abnormal, and artifacts?
What is a Holter monitor? Under what circumstances would one be ordered for a patient?
How do you use a Holter monitor?
Educate a patient: What you will do before, during, and after an electrocardiogram or…
arrow_forward
Conceptualize in Color Electrocardiogram
Color each part of the ECG waveform shown bere as suggested.
• P wave: Green
• QRS complex: Yellow
• PR interval: Purple
• ST segment: Brown
•T wave: Blue
Next, link each part of the waveform to the cardiac activity it represents by underlining each particular statement
with the color you sused in the waveform. For example, if you colored the P wave green, underline in green the
statement describing what the P wave represents.
1. This part of the waveform represents ventricular repolarization.
2. This part of the waveform represents atrial depolarization.
3. This part of the waveform represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria to the
ventricles.
4. This part of the waveform represents ventricular depolarization.
5. This part of the waveform represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular
repolarization.
192 Chapter 15 Heart
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Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education