Pattern Recognition (WS11)
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PATTERNS: DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION
One of the characteristics of a good biologist is the ability to differentiate between patterns
resulting from some cause-and-effect relationship, and apparent patterns that either are not real
or are true of only one location. If an apparent pattern is real and generalizable, it can be
quantified in more than one locale. For example, if seed predators, such as chipmunks, prefer
white oak (
Quercus alba
) acorns to those of several other species, one should be able to quantify
that preference at several geographic locales as long as the same suite of acorn producing tree
species are being compared. If the morphology of a plant species (number of leaves which
overlap vertically, branching pattern, position of the leaves on the limbs) changes with exposure
to sunlight (shade or understory versus unshaded locale), then one should be able to detect this
difference in growth morphology on different individuals. Similarly, if incidence of herbivory on
leaves differs as a function of sun exposure, position on the plant, distance from the ground, etc.,
one should be able to detect this difference among leaves on a given plant as well as on leaves on
different plants. Another possible pattern is in seed set. Seed set can be used as a measure of
reproductive success, and one might be able to detect differences among individual plants of one
species in seed set as a function of physical locale and biotic factors. Alternatively, one might see
apparent patterns in insect attacks on seeds as a function of distance from source trees.
All of the above cases are examples of patterns where one might expect to see differences due to
locale. Obviously, not all will be true. For the purposes of this laboratory exercise, each group's
task is to identify an apparent pattern, design a quantification scheme, propose an ecological
mechanism for maintenance of the pattern, and design an experiment to test the reality of the
mechanism proposed.
Each group will have 30 minutes to identify and record more than 5 potential patterns, choose a
particular pattern of interest to your group, and design a quantification scheme.
Discuss with your TA: potential patterns, proposed quantification scheme, which supplies would
be necessary to quantify the pattern, and how to then go quantify the pattern.
Return to your TA one more time to discuss potential mechanisms driving the pattern and how to
design a manipulative test of the mechanism.
By the beginning of the next lab, your group will have completed the table on the following
page, designed an experiment to test your hypotheses regarding the mechanism responsible for
the pattern, and created a group presentation for use in the next lab period.
Part A: Observation and Hypothesis Generation [6]
1.
List at least five potential patterns you observed (then discuss with your TA). [1]
1.
The south side has more orange leaves.
2.
Benches found under trees rust.
3.
The east side has more squirrels.
4.
The grass on the west side is greener.
5.
The north side has more cracked bricks.
2.
For your selected pattern, describe (with possibly a table or graph) your quantification of
that pattern.[3]
East side: 3 squirrels
West side: 0 squirrels
3.
What mechanism do you think drives your selected pattern? [1]
Noise and polluted area that is by the roads.
4.
Given if that mechanism were true, what is a testable prediction derived from that
hypothesis? [1]
Search around two different areas, one side being trees and the other side being where a
polluted road is. Count to see how many squirrels you find on each side.
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Related Questions
Read this quote from Charles Darwin (from Origin of Species). What is he describing?
"Thus, I can understand how a flower and a bee might slowly become, either
simultaneously or one after the other, modified and adapted to each other in the
most perfect manner, by the continued preservation of all the individuals which
presented slight deviations of structure mutually favorable to one another."
An interaction network.
A predator/prey cycle.
O Coevolution.
An obligate mutualism.
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a) The barking prairie dog chooses to warn other prairie dogs, leading to more prairie dogs living above ground.
b) The failure of the individual to bark when surrounded by unrelated prairie dogs ensures survival of the individual.
c) The barking prairie dog is alerting unrelated prairie dogs to the predator, so it is not giving any advantage to its own relatives.…
arrow_forward
Assertion: The interaction of species to the environment is
particular to
appropriate to ecological process in question is important in
accurately hypothesizing the cause.
a specific scale. Choosing a scale that is
Reason: The involvement to species to nature depends on the
specific scale and that scale should relate to the ecological
process to bring up a proper hypothesis for the cause.
Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the
correct explanation of Assertion.
Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
Both Assertion and Reason are false.
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Describe one way that the "nature and nurture"
theme is represented in core-knowledge
theories. Provide an example to support your
response
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You've been out in the field collecting data on the predation of holly leaves. You collect 200 leaves in total of which 100 leaves contain one mine, 20 leaves contain 2 mines and 30 leaves contain 3 mines. After close examination with your hand lens and dissecting microscope you categorize a total of 15 mines with round holes, 9 mines that were torn open and 27 mines with an irregular hole. After some basic analyses you conclude that the predation rates by blue tits and wasps are:
A.
3.7% and 6.5%
B.
6% and 10%
C.
10% and 6%
D.
4% and 6.5%
arrow_forward
Prairie dogs are small mammals that live in large colonies in burrows in the
ground. Prairie dogs that are near their own relatives when a predator
approaches are much more likely to issue a warning bark than those that are
near unrelated prairie dogs. The prairie dogs that heara warning bark are more
likely to hide in their burrows than to remain above ground. However, the prairie
dog that gives the warning bark is putting itself at increased risk of being
identified and killed by the predator.Which of the following presents the most
likely evolutionary explanation for the behaviors described? *
d 2
thool
The barking prairie dog is alerting unrelated prairie dogs to the predator, so it is not
giving any advantage to its own relatives.
The failure of the individual to bark when surrounded by unrelated prairie dogs
ensures survival of the individual.
The warning bark changes the behavior of the related prairie dogs nearby, allowing
the prairie dog's t
have increased survival and…
arrow_forward
INTRODUCTION: Quadrat sampling is a classic tool for the study of ecology, especially biodiversity. In general, a series of squares (quadrats) of a set size are placed in a habitat of interest and the species within those quadrats are identified and recorded.
QUESTION: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a quadrat sampling method?
arrow_forward
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Increased value of the resource
Unlikely that the individual will have future opportunities to get the resource
Decreased cost of displaying
All of the above
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10
Without Squirrel Away
WITH Squirrel-Away
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Average number of birds at the bird feeder per day
O Presence or absence of Squirrel Away
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9,
4.
2.
at the Bird Feeder Per Day
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Analyzing Data: The graph shows the number of shrimp hatched at different temperatures.
40
30
20
10
17
18
19 20
21 22
23
24
Temperature (Celsius)
1. What is the Independent (manipulated) variable?
2. What is the Dependent (responding) variable?
3. How would you summarize or caption this graph? In one sentence, connect the two variables.
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Question 2 options:
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True
False
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True
False
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True
False
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True
False
5.)Plants are defenseless against herbivory by animals.
True
False
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Which of the following statements is false?
A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to reinterpretation of existing
evidence
Selected
Answer:
Answers:
A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to new evidence
A strength of science is that with enough evidence, the knowledge it develops can be established as absolutely true
A strength of science is its conservative vetting process that assesses whether change in the knowledge it has developed
is warranted
A strength of science is that the knowledge it develops about nature may change due to reinterpretation of existing
evidence
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