Solutions_Midterm1-prep_306

1. Consider a linear regression model y = XB + € with E(e) = 0. The bias of the ridge estimator of 3 obtained by minimizing Q(B) = (y — Xß)¹ (y — Xß) + r(BTB), for some r > 0, is ——(X²X + r1)-¹8 1 (X¹X +rI)-¹3 r -r(XTX+rI) ¹8 r(X¹X+r1) ¹3

As an auto insurance risk analyst, it is your job to research risk profiles for various types of drivers. One common area of concern for auto insurance companies is the risk involved when offering policies to younger, less experienced drivers. The U.S. Department of Transportation recently conducted a study in which it analyzed the relationship between 1) the number of fatal accidents per 1000 licenses, and 2) the percentage of licensed drivers under the age of 21 in a sample of 42 cities. Your first step in the analysis is to construct a scatterplot of the data. FIGURE. SCATTERPLOT FOR U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORATION PROBLEM U.S. Department of Transportation The Relationship Between Fatal Accident Frequency and Driver Age 4.5 3.5 3 2.5 1.5 1 0.5 6. 10 12 14 16 18 Percentage of drivers under age 21 Upon visual inspection, you determine that the variables do have a linear relationship. After a linear pattern has been established visually, you now proceed with performing linear…

Q4. The Omantel firm has estimate the Sales of fibre internet connections in Oman with the related to advertising expenditure made by the company over the past 26 months. Following is the firm estimated results of the regression equation. DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Y R-SQUARE F-RATIO P-VALUE ON F OBSERVATIONS: 26 0.85121212 8.747 0.0187 PARAMETER STANDARD VARIABLE ESTIMATE ERROR T-RATIO P-VALUE INTERCEPT 7.6 6.33232 1.200 0.2643969 3.53 0.52228 ? 0.0001428 a. What is the dependent and independent variables in the above regression equation of Omantel firm? b. Calculate the estimated t-ratio. Test the slope estimates for statistical significance at the 10 percent significance level. d. Interpret the coefficient of determination.

Regression analysis was applied between $ sales (y) and $ advertising (r) across all the branches of a major international corporation. The following regression function was obtained. ŷ = 5000 + 7.25r (a) Predict the amount for sales where the advertising amount is $ 1,000,000.00. (b) If the advertising budgets of two branches of the corporation differ by $30,000, then what will be the predicted difference in their sales?

1. For a regression model y = XB + u where u is N(0, o?1), y is nx1 matrix, X is nxp matrix, B is px1 matrix and u is nx1 matrix, a. derive the estimators B using the method of least squares

11. Which of the following statements is not true about multicollinearity? (a) Perfect multicollinearity will prevent you from being able to estimate a linear regression model. (b) Imperfect mulitcollinearity affects the individual t-statistics of the regressors. (c) Multicollinearity is defined as a linear relationship between different independent variables. (d) Imperfect multicollinearity affects model validity of the model. (e) The least squares estimators are unbiased in the presence of imperfect multicollinearity.

Consider the output here from a regression in R. What is 3₂? Coefficients: Estimate (Intercept) 1.708 5.404 -1.478 9.531 X1 X2 X3 Std. Error 0.555 2.792 0.6 2.758

Determine the mode choice (personal vehicle or bus system) for the following regression model:              Utility Function: Umode – (8.333 x 10-4)*(Access time in sec) – (6.667 x 10-4)*(Wait Time in sec) – (5.00 x 10-4)*(Riding time in sec) – (1.40)*(Cost, $)   PARAMETER PERSONAL VEHICLE CITY BUS SYSTEM MODE CONSTANT -0.01 -0.07 ACCESS TIME (SECS) 300 600 WAITING TIME (SECS) 0 900 RIDING TIME (SECS) 1,500 6,000 COST (DOLLARS) $1.50 $1.00

2. Which of the following types of regressions will always have a binary outcome variable? (A) Probit (B) Difference-in-differences (C) Regression discontinuity (D) (A) and (B) will both have binary outcome variables

1. If in a simple linear regression, SST = 315 and the sample correlation coefficient between your dependent and independent variable is 0.96, then the value of SSE is equal to? a. 24.696 b. 290.304 c. 302.4 d. 12.6 e. 0.9216

A linear regression model for the revenue data for a company is R=27.1t+203 where R is total annual revenue and t is time since 1/31/02 in years. 12 months 12 months 12 months Billions of Dollars Revenue Gross Profit 12 months 12 months ending 1/31/02ending 1/31/03ending 1/31/04 ending 1/31/05 ending 1/31/06 500- 201 49 236 54 255 60 500- 277 65 (A) Draw a scatter plot of the data and a graph of the model on the same axes. OA. B. O.C. KICB Q 2 316 72 500- oo D. 500- Q G

Water is being poured into a large, cone-shaped cistern. The volume of water, measured in cm³, is reported at different time intervals, measured in seconds. A regression analysis was completed and is displayed in the computer output. Regression Analysis: cuberoot (Volume) versus Time Predictor Coef SE Coef Constant -0.006 0.00017 -35.294 0.000 Time 0.640 0.000018 35512.6 0.000 s=0.030 R-Sq=1.000 R-sq (adj)=1.000 What is the equation of the least-squares regression line? Volume = 0.640 - 0.006(Time) Volume = 0.640 - 0.006(Time) Volume = -0.006 + 0.640(Time) Volume = - 0.006 + 0.640(Time?)

You estimated a regression with the following output.         Source |       SS           df       MS      Number of obs   =       289 -------------+----------------------------------   F(1, 287)       =  41986.64        Model |   664544048         1   664544048   Prob > F        =    0.0000     Residual |  4542496.25       287  15827.5131   R-squared       =    0.9932 -------------+----------------------------------   Adj R-squared   =    0.9932        Total |   669086544       288  2323217.17   Root MSE        =    125.81   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------            Y |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+----------------------------------------------------------------            X |   43.81013   .2138056   204.91   0.000     43.38931    44.23096        _cons |   49.31707   16.96222     2.91   0.004     15.93094    82.70319…

The following question refers to this regression equation (standard errors for each of the estimated coefficients are in parenthesis). Q=8,400-8" P+5" A+ 4** Px +0.05**1, (1,732) (2.29) (1.36) (1.75) (0.15) Q = Quantity demanded P = Price 1,100 Advertising expenditures, in thousands = 20 P = price of competitor's good = 600/= average monthly income 10,000 What is the advertising elasticity of demand? Round your answer to two decimal places. Your Answer: The t-statistic is computed by dividing the regression coefficient by the standard error of the coefficient. dividing the regression coefficient by the standard error of the estimate. dividing the standard error of the coefficient by the regression coefficient. dividing the R2 by the F-statistic. none of the specified answers are correct.

The table to the right contains price-demand and total cost data for the production of projectors, where p is the wholesale price (in dollars) of a projector for an annual demand of x projectors and C is the total cost (in dollars) of producing x projectors. Answer the following questions (A) - (D). (A) Find a quadratic regression equation for the price-demand data, using x as the independent variable. X 270 360 520 780 The fixed costs are $. (Round to the nearest dollar as needed.) ITTI y = (Type an expression using x as the variable. Use integers or decimals for any numbers in the expression. Round to two decimal places as needed.) Use the linear regression equation found in the previous step to estimate the fixed costs and variable costs per projector. The variable costs are $ per projector. (Round to the nearest dollar as needed.) (C) Find the break even points. The break even points are (Type ordered pairs. Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Round to the nearest integer as…

6. (a) Suppose that n = 100 i.i.d observations for (Y, X,) yield the following results where SER stands for the standard error of the regression: Ý 32.1+66.8X, SER=15.1, R2 = 0.81 (15.1) (12.2) Another researcher is interested in the same regression, but he makes an error when he enters the data into his regression program: He enters each observation twice, so he has 200 observations. Using these 200 observations, what results will be produced by his program? Write it in the following format: = 9+X, SER= (b) Suppose that a random sample of 200 twenty-year-old-men is selected from a population and that these mens height and weight are recorded. A regression of weight on height yields Weight -99.41 +3.94 x Height. Suppose further that instead of measuring weight and height in pounds and inches, these variables are measured in centimeters and kilograms. What are the regression estimates from this new centimeter-kilogram regression? (1 inch= 2.54 cm, 1 pound=0.45 kg) =

Styles 6. The following two regression models are Probit and Logit respectively: Pr(Y=1|X)=(Bo+Bi xXr+Bzx X2) Pr(Y=1|X)=F(Bu + B₁ × Xs + B₂ × X2) (a) what functions do and F represent? (b) How do Probit, and Logit ensure that the predicted probabilities are always between 0 and 1? (c) Sketch a graph of the Y= $(Z) function. (Z on the horizontal axis, Y on the vertical axis) (d) What estimation method is used to estimate the coefficients in a Probit/Logit model? (e) What are the two measures of fit for models with binary dependent variables? Focus 88 B E

If a regression equation contains an irrelevant variable, the parameter estimates will be Select one: a. Consistent and unbiased but inefficient  b. Consistent and asymptotically efficient but biased c. Consistent, unbiased and efficient. d. Inconsistent

The regression equation Netincome = 2,049 +.0478 Revenue was estimated from a sample of 100 leading world companies (variables are in millions of dollars). (0-1) If Revenue = 1, then Netincome = (a-2) Choose the correct statement. (b) Choose the right option. (c) O Increasing the revenue raises the net income. Decreasing the revenue raises the net income. O Increasing the revenue lowers the net income. million. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) O The intercept is not meaningful because a firm cannot have net income when revenue is zero. The intercept is meaningful because a firm can have net income when revenue is zero. If Revenue = 24,574, then NetIncome = million. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)

The following information regarding a dependent variable y and an independent variable x is provided. Find the slope of the regression equation. Ex = 90 Ey = 340 n = 4 SSR = 103 E(y - )(x - x) E(x – x)2 = 236 E(y - y)2 = 1,978 = -153 %3D %3D Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a -0.648 b -0.265 0.265

QUESTION 2 Consider the following bivariate linear regression model y = a+3x+u. Suppose that E[u]x] #0 and that z is a valid instrument for r. Knowing that Cov(y, z) = 0.5 and Cov(z, x) = 0.5, the IV estimate of 3 is 1. %3D O True O False

Question: a) Calculate Regression Analysis of the data. b) Calculate Profit of a shop for 45 units sales

Exponential Regression The table below shows the value, V, of an investment (in dollars) after n years. 3 7 12 14 19 5743.43 6531.45 6597.39 6919.85 Use your calculator to determine the exponential regression equation that models the set of data above. Round the "a" value to two decimals, and round the "b" value to three decimals. Use the indicated variables and proper function notation. V(n) Based on the your regression model, what is the percent increase per year? = V(20) Find V(20). Round your answer to two decimal places. % n 0 V(n) 5000 5199.92 = Interpret your answer by completing the following sentence. Be sure to use units in your answer. In "The value of the investment after How long will it take for the value of this investment to reach $10,500? Round your answer to the nearest year. V(n) = 10500 when n = In is Interpret your answer by completing the following sentence. Be sure to use units in your answer. the value of the investment will reach How long will it take for the…

The linear regression equation, Y= a + bX, was estimated. The following computer output was obtained: DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Y OBSERVATIONS: 15 VARIABLE INTERCEPT Multiple Choice O X R-SQUARE 0.6010 PARAMETER ESTIMATE 412.18 0.6358 F-RATIO 19.58 STANDARD ERROR 102.54 0.1765 P-VALUE ON F 0.0001 T-RATIO P-VALUE 0.0015 0.0032 In the regression above, the parameter estimate of b (on the variable X) indicates that 4.02 3.60 X increases by 0.1765 units when Yincreases by one unit. X increases by 0.6358 units when Y increases by one unit. Y increases by 0.1765 units when X increases by one unit. Y increases by 0.6358 units when X increases by one unit. Y increases by 3.60 units when X increases by one unit.

18 Calculate the least square regression líne equation with the given X and Y values. Consider the values: X Y 60 3.1 61 3.6 62 3.8 63 4 65 4.1 To Find, Least Square Regression Line EquationY = a+ b X

Interpret the slope (m) and R2 values given in the equation of linear regression for both costs and benefits.

Consider the following multiple regression   Price=118.9+0.594BDR+23.5Bath+0.195Hsize+0.004Lsize+0.095Age−48.5Poor, R2=0.75, SER=41.5              ​           (22.7​)  ​(2.56​)            (8.56​) ​      (0.017​)        ​(0.00049​) ​     (0.315​)          (10.7​)      The numbers in parentheses below each estimated coefficient are the estimated standard errors. A detailed description of the variables used in the data set is available here   . Suppose you wanted to test the hypothesis that BDR equals zero. That​ is,   H0: BDR=0 vs H1: BDR≠0   Report the t​-statistic for this test. The t​-statistic is ________   ​(Round your response to three decimal places​)

1. Suppose output (Q) is related to labor (L) and capital (K) in the following nonlinear way: Q = albKc When taking log to this equation, it is transformed into a linear LnQ = Ina + b In(L) + c Ln (K) One hundred twenty-three observations are used to obtain the following regression results: Dependant Variable: Observations: Variable Intercept L K Q 123 5.5215 Parameter Standard Estimate error 0.650 R-square 0.350 0.7547 0.9750 0.2950 0.1450 F-ratio 184.56 t-ratio 5.66 2.20 2.41 p-value on F 0.00001 p-value 0.0001 0.0295 0.0173 a. Write the regression equation based on the output either in the transformed linear form or the original non-linear form.

True or False For a linear regression model including only an intercept, the OLS estimator of that intercept is equal to the sample mean of the independent variable.

You are the manager of a firm that produces a vegetable cooking oil in Ghana. In order to make informed decision, you engaged an economist to estimate the demand equation for your product. Using data from 25 supermarkets around the country for the month of February, 2021, the estimated linear regression result for your product is shown in the table below: Variable Constant Parameter Estimates Standard error -164.0 20.24 Price of vegetable cooking oil (P,) Price of palm oil (P,) Per capita Income () -3.50 1.55 2,50 0.28 0.45 0.52 R-squared 0.8672 Adjusted R-squared 0.8132 F-statistic 15.6893 a) Suppose the average price of 3 gallons of vegetable cooking oil is GH¢12, price of 2 gallons of palm oil is GH¢60, the per capita income of Ghana is GH¢420. i. Write down the estimated demand equation for your firm's product and interpret the parameter estimates. ii. Detemine the quantity of vegetable cooking oil sold. Estimate the own price elasticity of demand and state the type of demand curve…

2. Consider the following estimated regression equation (standard errors in parentheses): Yi-120+ 0.10Ft + 5.33Rt (0.05) (1.00) R² = 0.5 i. ii. iii. where A Yi = the corn yield (bushels/ha) in year t Ft = fertilizer intensity (pounds/ha) in year t Rt = rainfall (inches) in year t Interpret the meaning of the intercept. Suppose you are told that the true value of BF (coefficient on fertilizer intensity) is known to be 0.20. Does this show that the estimate is biased? Why or why not? Suppose you were told that the equation does not meet all the classical assumptions and, therefore, the OLS estimator used is not BLUE. Does this mean that the true BR (coefficient on rainfall) is definitely not equal to 5.33? Why or why not?

1. Suppose that you have following data: Variable Description CEO salary measured in thousands of $ Firm's sale measure in millions ofS Return on equity in percent Salary sales roe *Return on equity is a measure of financial performance calculated by dividing net income by shareholders' equity. Your estimated regression is given by log (salary) = 4.322 + 0.276 log(sale) + 0.0215roe - 0.0008roe?, R = 282, n = 209. (324) (0.033) (0.0129) (0.00026) a) Is the effect of all independent variables statistically equal to 0? b) Interpret the coefficient on log(sale). c) Interpret the effect of roe on log(salary). • Without more information, your interpretation of the effect of roe on log(salary) should include answers to these sub-question. Should the roe be included in this model? il. Comment on relationship between roe and log(salary): is it U-shaped or inverse U-shaped? What is the turning point? How would you interpret this point? Plot log(salary) vs roe. v. ii. iv. Compute predicted value…

Suppose you are the manager of a firm that produces good X in Ghana. In order to make informed decision, you engaged an economist to estimate the demand equation for your product. Using data from 30 supermarkets around the country for the month of April, 2021, the estimated linear regression result for your product is shown in the table below: Variable Parameter Estimates Standard error Constant -164.0 20.24 Price of good X (P,) Price of good Y (P,) -3.50 1.55 2.50 0.28 Per capita Income (/) 0.45 0.52 R-squared 0.8672 Adjusted R-squared 0.8132 F-statistic 15.6893 a) Suppose the average price of 3 units of good X is GH¢12, price of 2 units of goodY is GH¢60, the per capita income of Ghana is GH¢420. 1. Write down the estimated demand equation for your firm's product and interpret the parameter estimates. Determine the quantity of good X sold. Estimate the own price elasticity of demand and state the type of demand curve 11. 111. your firm has?