NoahStevensLEdu8060-3

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Northcentral University *

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8060

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Linguistics

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Apr 3, 2024

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1 Examining Theory and Theoretical Frameworks Laura Noah-Stevens School of Education: Northcentral University EDU 8060 Dr. A. Tiwari May 14, 2023
Noah-StevensLEDU8060-3 SLA: Input Hypothesis The Monitor Theory was a collection of hypotheses created by Stephen Krashen in the 1970-1980s (Lichtman & VanPatten, 2021). As Payne (2011) expressed, Stephen Krashen was a figure that, during his time, had significantly impacted the world of linguistics and had considerable recognition. His work was received with mixed reviews for the time. The Input Hypothesis is one of five theories created to explain how second language learners acquire a language. The other four hypotheses in the Monitor Theory were: Acquisition Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis, Natural Order Hypothesis, Comprehensible Input, and lastly, the Affective Filter Hypothesis (Lichtman & VanPatten, 2021). Though all five hypotheses are directly relatable to Second Language Acquisition (SLA), the focus of my research today is the Input Hypothesis. According to Krashen, the Input Hypothesis suggests that just as children learn a first language by hearing it spoken to them. Similarly, our ELLs should be able to acquire a second or non-native language just by hearing it spoken (Payne, 2011). This hypothesis follows the thought that just as we do not consciously sit and teach our children how to make sounds at birth, babies naturally mimic the sounds they hear and eventually combine them to make words. However, as Payne (2011) expressed, Krashen’s theories have since been seen as “flawed and incoherent in ‘real’ language classrooms” (p.419). However, in looking at the way education and processes have changed, this theory could be relevant in our current classrooms as the goal of Krashen’s theory was to provide comprehensible input and then go one level above (Payne, 2011), which is closer to the current practice of using what an English Learner (EL) already knows and then connecting it to their home/native language to find those connections. This hypothesis may help in future research when evaluating SLA and the increase in ELs being identified as Special Education (SPED) as it could help address the factors of SLA that may mimic SPED diagnosis.
Noah-StevensLEDU8060-3 Interactionist Theory The Interactionist Theory explains that as individuals learn a second language and interact with native language speakers, both parties adjust as they interact (Conteh-Morgan, 2002). Dell Hymes worked with Erving Goffman to create social communication theories, of which Hymes was considered one of the leading figures in linguistics and sociolinguistics. Hymes was analytical of Chomsky's theory—specifically of Chomsky's "failure to account for linguistic variation" (Sherzer et al., 2010, p. 302). The difference between Chomsky and Hymes was that the latter needed to focus on the linguistic position of communication and coherence in theory (Scherzer et al., 2010). Dell Hymes's research was based in the 1960-the 1970s, but his work was seen as invaluable in sociolinguistics. The Interactionist Theory is still in the classrooms and is used in working with SLA. The basis of this theory is the need for natural and genuine or authentic communication for an individual to gain a second language, and that can be achieved through the interaction of native language speakers and non-native speakers. Littlejohn & Foss (2009) explain how in our interactions, we use that combination of prior knowledge to help her decode and decipher the input of a new language and communication, which is still relevant to SLA. In my research goals, I am looking to evaluate ways to reduce the number of English language learners who are also comorbidly diagnosed with SPED. We need to be doing more to implement more strategies prior to SPED diagnosis and reduce the SPED interventions, accommodations, and modifications. If we expand programming like dual language programs into higher grades, we may see a reduction in SPED and ELs dual-labeling. In the Interactional theory- this would allow ELs to have the SLA through natural interactions.
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