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Classical Physics Compare/Contrast Paper Lisa Diaz Rasmussen University PHY4060CBE Section 01CBE Understanding Ourselves Through Physics Abed Almala William Anderson 03/15/2024

Classical Physics Compare/Contrast Paper Introduction Mandy took a trip to Rome, Italy. She gazed out over the ocean 20,000 feet below as her airplane descended to her destination. Mandy could watch the sun setting in the west; over the Eastern horizon, she peeked at a full moon, just rising, displaying its cratered face. As the plane neared the ground, Mandy could not help but think she was in a giant metal object hurtling through the sky. Without the specific shape of its wings, the plane would fall to the ground no differently than a large metal projectile. (Rasmussen University. (2024). This paper will discuss classical physics principles and how they apply to this scenario. It will also discuss how these principles connect to the work of Galileo or Isaac Newton. Finally, this paper will discuss how these principles affect my daily life. Classical Principles of Physics The classical principles of physics include Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, and Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. Newtonian mechanics is based on the application of Newton’s Laws of motion, which assume that the concepts of distance, time, and mass are absolute; that is, motion is in an inertial frame. Specifically, Newton’s first law of motion, the Law of Inertia, states “that objects persist in their current state of motion unless compelled to do otherwise by an external force. Whether an object is at rest or in uniform motion, it will continue in that state unless a net external force acts upon it.” (BYJUS. (2019, April 24). This classical principle directly relates to the airplane that Mandy is on. While the aircraft is in the air, it travels at a constant velocity, allowing it to continue in a straight line. Only when a change in the engine’s thrust happens will the airplane discontinue its continuous velocity. (Benson, T. (n.d.). Once the airplane’s thrust and drag equalize, the aircraft will travel at a constant velocity state again. Newton’s third law of motion also applies to the aircraft wings, stating, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” (BYJUS. (2019, April 24). The wing pushes air downward, which creates an upward reaction force (lift). At the same time, the shape of the wing and the

angle of attack cause air to move faster over the top surface, decreasing pressure and contributing to lift. (Johnston, M. (2023, September 7). This law makes Mandy’s point accurate in saying that without the specific shape of its wings, the plane would fall to the ground no differently than a large metal projectile. This concept of falling reflects Galileo’s Principle of Inertia: “A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.” (Rasmussen University. (2024). The study of thermodynamics revolves around the relationship between heat, energy, mechanical work, and temperature. “These laws essentially explain what happens as energy is transferred from one place to another and from one form to another.” (Brainscape Academy. (2023, November 10). Specifically, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is represented in Mandy’s experience. This law is the law of entropy; it states that “the universe is increasing, and any changes in the entropy of the universe cannot be negative” (Helzner, C. (n.d.). Without thermodynamics, the engine could not produce the necessary energy to move the airplane. The jet engine provides thrust by burning the air with fuel in the combustion chamber and exhausting the high-temperature mixture through a nozzle that accelerates the air. (Patricio, P., & Travares, J. M. (2009, December 1). Electromagnetism explains the behavior of visible light, electricity , and the other types of energy on the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, from gamma and ultraviolet radiation to microwaves, radio waves, infrared, etc. (Brainscape Academy. (2023, November 10). Maxwell’s theory states that moving electric charges create magnetic fields while moving magnets create electric fields. Maxwell theorized that electromagnetic waves should broadcast this electromagnetic force. This law applies to many things in Mandy’s experience; electricity is essential to operating, maintaining, and guiding airplanes. Technology such as radar and GPS allow the pilot to travel from one place to another successfully. Additionally, electromagnetics is used to deploy the wheels that enable aircraft to land safely after descending. The basic principles of Newton’s laws are derived from the electromagnetic theory and other related concepts such as momentum, energy, and its conservation.

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