TAKEHOME FINAL

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Simon Fraser University *

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230

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Sociology

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May 1, 2024

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HSCI 230, Summer 2023 – Take-home Final Exam Scoring : This assignment is scored out of 20 points and is worth 15% of your total grade for the course. Part A includes 6 short-answer questions, worth 2 points each. Part B includes 3 short-answer questions, worth 2 points each. An additional 2 points are allotted to the word-count (i.e., submissions that exceed the total allotted 900 words will have points deducted). Instructions :  This assignment is to be completed individually and independently. In other words, please do not work with your classmates, peers, or anyone else in compiling your answers to this exam.  Please review the SFU policies regarding academic integrity and plagiarism (outlined in the course syllabus).  The exam is, however, “open book”, and you are welcome to draw on your textbook, lecture notes/videos, and other materials (e.g., assigned readings) as needed.  ChatGPT: You should not use ChatGPT to complete this assignment. Answers found to contain AI-generated responses will be given 0 points.  Please respect word limits. Points will be deducted from answers that exceed the total word limit for the assignment (900 words). PART A. Critical appraisal of Lay et al. study Lay AM, Kosny A, Aery A, Flecker K, Smith PM. The occupational health and safety vulnerability of recent immigrants accessing settlement services. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2018;109:303-311. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29981078/ For this part of the exam, please use no more than 600 words (i.e., approximately 100 words per question) to critically appraise the Lay et al. study with respect to the three major forms of bias covered in HSCI 230: selection bias, information (or measurement) bias, and confounding. In your response, please label answers corresponding to the following questions (i.e., A1:, A2:, etc.). You may wish to support your answers with quotations from the article. Selection bias: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled “Data” (within the “Methods” section). Answer both of the following questions: (A1) How do you think the methods these researchers used may have contributed to selection bias in this study? Be sure to name the form of selection bias you think is at play. (A2) Who do you think may have been missing (underrepresented) in their study sample (meaning what kinds of social characteristics do they have), and how do you think they relate to the 2x2 table 1 of 3 pages

HSCI 230, Summer 2023 – Take-home Final Exam comparing occupational health and safety vulnerability between recent immigrant workers and workers born in Canada? Information bias: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled “Measures” (within the “Methods” section). The outcome for this study is occupational health and safety vulnerability, which includes individual participants’ reports regarding workplace hazards. More specifically, the authors explain: “Respondents were classified as exposed to hazards if they reported weekly or more frequent exposure to any two hazards, or if they reported at least weekly exposure to lifting or carrying 20 kg at least ten times a day; work at heights higher than 2 m; bullying or harassment; or work with hazardous substances.” Answer both of the following questions: (A3) How do you think the methods these researchers used may have contributed to information bias (misclassification) of hazards experienced by the participants? Be sure to name the form of information bias you think is at play. (A4) Explain whether you think this information bias is differential or non-differential (i.e., related immigrant status) and why. Confounding: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled “Covariates” (within the “Methods” section) and pay attention to which variables are considered confounders and which are considered mediators. Answer both of the following questions: (A5) Why did the authors think it was important to adjust/control for age as a confounder? (Hint: comment on how it meets all three of the conceptual criteria addressed in class.) (A6) Think of a variable that they did not measure in this study but perhaps should have been included as a potential confounder. Define the variable and explain how it meets the three conceptual criteria. PART B. Design epidemiological research Imagine that you have been approached by a team of medical health officers who are concerned about the growing number of cases of emphysema being diagnosed in young adults (20-39 years of age) in Revelstoke (in the eastern or interior region of BC). Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes shortness of breath. The medical health officers know that some regions of BC, including the region around Revelstoke, have higher levels of radon, owing to geological factors. (Read more about radon here .) They have compiled estimates of median household radon emissions by region of BC and compared them to emergency department visits related to emphysema, also counted by region. In other words, the health officers have made an ecological observation: some regions of BC (near Revelstoke) have higher 2 of 3 pages

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