1. Introduction. 1.1. Definitions Of Crude Oil And Refining.

Gasoline are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (Gary et al, J., 2007) additives, and blending agents. The composition of gasoline depends on the refinery processes, the crude oil used, the overall balance of product demand, and the especially the product specifications. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is: 4-8% alkanes; 2-5% alkenes; 25-40% isoalkanes; 3-7% cycloalkanes; l-4% cycloalkenes; and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene). Table 1 shows

When crude oil is refined there is an abundance of gas that is released into the surrounding air. Some of the components that are emitted include, but are not limited to sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane (U. Rehman, personal communication, October 1, 2016). This has a tremendous impact on the air quality near a refinery. The poor air quality that is caused by pollutants is harmful to humans and other living

The burning of gasoline by automobiles releases carbon dioxide and other types of air pollution

Coal-burning power plants are the largest U.S. source of carbon dioxide pollution producing 2.5 billion tons of CO2 emissions every year (Natural Resources Defense Council 2005). Cars are the second largest source, creating nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2 annually (Natural Resources Defense Council 2005). Approximately 50% of the greenhouse gasses causing global warming are coming from burning fossil fuels to power or create electricity and another 25% was coming out of our tail pipes from burning gasoline or diesel (Brunsaw 2015).

Lead, hydrogen fluoride and chloride, methanol, formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol are hazardous air pollutants, however they are used in the fracking fluid (Waxman, et al., 2011). Methane is one of many gases that are relevant to the greenhouse effect on Earth. Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide (Merrill, 2013). Too much of something is never a good thing so too much methane would be highly dangerous to the human population along with a lot of other living organisms on the

Electricity generation from fossil fuels is responsible for a large share of Canadian carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and fine particulate matter emissions.

On average the world us 39% electricity therefore, electricity consumption is an important portion of a customer’s environmental footprint, which leads to the production of Carbon Dioxide ( Co2) a few ways production of electricity has affected the environment is: The main sources that generate carbon dioxide are thermal powered stations where hydrocarbon fuel (gas, oil, and coal) are burned to produce heat and steam to drive to the generators. Hydrocarbon fuel is what causes carbon dioxide letting out chemicals that pollute the earth’s environment.

These emissions are mainly emitted through the burning of fossil fuels. Automobiles burn gasoline and petroleum, which releases harmful gasses into the atmosphere. Burning down of forests directly emits those harmful gasses into our atmosphere and of course many factories aid in producing harmful gasses as well. Many of our power-plants within our lifetime here on earth have burned coal, which is one of the largest contributors to global warming out of all pollutants on earth, as stated by National Geographic. These gasses that are released into the atmosphere are known as “Greenhouse Gasses”, which are the main contributor to global warming. The term Greenhouse Gas, as stated by the National Weather Service was invented to give a visual description of how our atmosphere traps gasses and other particles into our atmosphere to prevent them from being released into space. As stated by National Geographic, “The Greenhouse Affect, is the process of heat and energy being trapped into our atmosphere to keep the earth at a livable

Global warming is already causing damage in many parts of the United States. In 2002,

“CO2 gas emissions” is a mystical term which everyone should pay attention to. C02 gas is a colorless, odorless gas that is present in the atmosphere and is formed when any fuel containing carbon is burned. Plants and trees are using it in the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is also used in refrigeration, fire extinguishers, and carbonated drinks. In other words this is the gas we need to fight with! By using fossil fuels in almost everything we do, we make a huge cloud of gas and this is warming up the world. By doing this, we cause serious damage to the nature and we may have an irreversible effect on it and the future.

   The United States releases twenty tons of carbon monoxide per person per year. Carbon Monoxide release is a result of burning fossil fuels with an insufficient amount of oxygen that causes the formation of carbon monoxide that pollutes our environment. Everyday fuel is burnt by cars, airplanes, large factories and manufacturing plants. This is causing a very large and deadly problem for our environment. When gases used on earth are released into the atmosphere they act as a blanket and trap radiation that is then redirected to earth. This concept is called the Greenhouse Effect (Bad Greenhouse, 1).

CO2 is the most significant greenhouse gas, which mainly comes from the use of fossil fuels. Many people feel that content of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main reason for manmade global warming. The main sources of CO2 emissions involve electricity generation, industrial processes, fumes from transportation and commercial buildings and use. Emissions of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere are expected to cause even more of a significant change in global climate (Davison, 2007). The main focus to try to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to reduce the amount that is released from coal-fired power plants. Greenhouse gas emissions that involve the productions of electricity come from natural gas production and coal-fired power plant operations. Natural gas production accounts for twenty-four percent and coal-fired power plant operations accounts for seventy-five percent, while the other one percent is caused by other electricity generation operations. The main reason why coal-fired power plants have a higher percentage of emissions is because the sulfur content of coal is much higher than that of other fossil fuels (Jarmaillo et al., 2007). This proves that there is a great need to find an alternative fossil fuel to use instead of coal. Although coal is easy to mine, transport and process for the electricity generation process, it is also the

Other pollutant from cars was lead; it is highly toxic metal. Lead has been phased out of gasoline, but there, are other sources of it. It includes paints, production of lead batteries, water pipes, and a few heir dye products. Car exhausts can also produce nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds, which are also, product of burning fuels. Factories and power plants produce same pollutants as cars do, but they produce them in bigger mnozstve and the produce some more such as sulfur dioxide, which is made during production of paper, burning coal in power plants, or smelting of metal. Burning other fuels like wood, or natural gas can make all of these pollutants too.

Textile mills usually generate nitrogen and sulphur oxides from boilers. Other significant sources of air emissions in textile operations include resin finishing and drying operations, printing, dyeing, fabric preparation, and wastewater treatment plants. Hydrocarbons are emitted from drying ovens and from mineral oils in high-temperature drying/curing. These processes can emit formaldehyde, acids, softeners, and other volatile compounds.

It is converted nearly all carbon fuels ( 99.5 percent ) in the liquefied petroleum gas to CO2 during the combustion process . This conversion is relatively independent of the composition of all. Although the formation of carbon dioxide and is working to reduce CO2 emissions , and the carbon dioxide emitted and trivial amount compared to the amount of CO2 produced. It does not convert the vast majority of the 0.5 percent of the carbon and CO2 for fuel because of incomplete combustion in the fuel stream . The formation of N2O is subject during the combustion process through a complex series of interactions and formation depends on many factors . It is minimized when the formation of N2O are kept high combustion temperatures ( above 1475οF, 802οC) and excess air is kept to a minimum (less than 1 percent ) . Methane emissions higher during periods of low combustion temperature or incomplete combustion . Normally, the conditions that are in favor of N2O are also in favor of CH4 emissions , [ 4, 5 ]