Chapter 3
The Biological Bases of Behavior
Communication in the Nervous System * Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware * Neurons are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. * The soma, or cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells. * Dendrites are the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. * The axon is a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands. * The axon ends in a cluster of terminal buttons, which are small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. * The Neural Impulse: Using Energy to Send
…show more content…
* The Hypothalamus: A Regulator of Biological Needs * The hypothalamus is a structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs. * The Limbic System: The Seat of Emotion * The limbic system is a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical. * The Cerebrum: The Seat of Complex Thought * The cerebral cortex is the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum. * The cerebral hemispheres are the right and left halves of the cerebrum. * The corpus callosum is the major structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. * The Plasticity of the Brain * First, studies have shown that aspects of experience can sculpt features of brain structure. * Second, research has shown that damage to incoming sensory pathways or the destruction of brain tissue can lead to neural reorganization. * Third, recent studies indicate that the adult brain can generate new neurons.
Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Specialization * Bisecting the Brain: Split-Brain Research * In split-brain surgery the bundle of fibers that connects cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. * Hemispheric Specialization in the Intact Brain * If you are right handed,
3.The long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells on the neuron is the axon.
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. These specialized cells are the information-processing units for the brain and are responsible for receiving and transmitting information. Each specific part of the neuron plays a role in the communication throughout the body of information. First, the Dendrites are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. These tiny protrusions receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma. The soma is where the signals from the dendrites are joined and then passed on. The nucleus and the soma do not play a role in the transmission of the neural signal. Instead, these two structures
Neurons, nerve cells, have three basic parts: the cell body, dendrites, and axon. Neurons transmit signals to other nerve cells and throughout the body. They are simple components in the nervous system. The cell body includes the nucleus, which is the control center of the neuron. The dendrite branches off the cell body and receives information. The axon is attached to the cell body and sends information away from the cell body to other cells. When the axon goes through myelination, the axon part of the neuron becomes covered and insulated with fat cells, myelin sheath. This increases the speed and efficiency of information processing in the nervous system. Synapse are gaps between neurons, this is where connections between the axons and dendrites.
Neurons are information- processing units in the central nervous system that receive and transmit information. It is made up of an axon, dendrites and a cell body. The nucleus and cytoplasm are contained in the cell body. The axon starts from the cell body, dividing into smaller branches and then ends at the nerve terminals. The dendrites also branch from the cell body, receiving information from the other neurons. Axons from other neurons forms
1. Axon is a singular fiber that carries information away from the soma to the synaptic sites of other neurons.
1. Neurons is a basic building block of the nervous system. The sensory nerves carry the message from body tissues to the brain and spinal chord to be processed. The motor neurons are then used to send instructions to the body tissue from the brain and spinal cord. Dendrites, which are connected to the body cell (soma) receive information and pass it through the axon. Myelin sheath covers the axon and helps speed the process. When triggered by a signals from our senses or other neurons, the neuron fires an impulse called the action potential. The resting potential is the neuron’s visual charge of positive
As an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles which migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. The channels open and allow chemicals to enter the cell (i.e. sodium). Then positively charged sodium enters the cell and causes the cell to depolarize. The depolarization spreads down the axon and an action potential is generated. The process then starts over at the axon terminals.
Axons are nerves that connects the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and sensory cells all together
An action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron; once the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The
Neurons have a part called the dendrites and this is where the neuron fires a correct impulse to another neuron through the axon. Axon is a long projection that connects nerve cells.
One extension is different from all the others, and is called the axon. Although in some neurons, it is hard to distinguish from the dendrites, in others it is easily distinguished by its length. The purpose of the axon is to transmit an electro-chemical signal to other neurons, sometimes over a
As the message arrives at the end of the nerves, the message is transmitted to the muscles. Before the message is transmitted to the muscles it has to pass the space between the end of the nerve and the muscle, and that space is called neuromuscular junction. The message is transmitted from the brain to the end of the nerve and from the nerve to the neuromuscular junction, and when the message arrives the chemical called neurotransmitters are released.
nucleus the nucleus then sends the information away down the axon the axon makes sure that
of the deeper structures of the brain and is involved in the control of emotions, storage of
As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.