CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Coordinate systems form a common frame of reference for description of positions and on the other hand, coordinates are simply an ordered set of numbers that are used to describe the positions or features in coordinate system. Transformation parameters are required to move from one system to another. Also, new technologies like global positioning system have provide new methods of coordinates determination the map production, update and revision are based on geographical coordinates, map-grid coordinates or coordinates in an arbitrary system. Some other based on old (local) system. With so many geodetic datums in current use, it is becoming almost common practice to …show more content…
The origins and axes of these coordinate systems are different. While the geocentric coordinate system has its origin at the centre of the mass of the earth and the regional (local) coordinates system has its centre different from the geocentre. These coordinate systems are associated with the term ‘datum’, which uses coordinates referred to the surface of defined ellipsoid of revolution. (Featherstone and Reit, 1998). Historically, different ellipsoids have been chosen by different countries of the world in order to simplify surveying and mapping in their region and as such these ellipsoids are not necessarily geocentric. In Malaysia, the region (local) coordinate system is two old or classical triangulation networks, namely the Malayan Revised Triangulation 1968 (MRT68) for Peninsular Malaysia where base on Modified Everest ellipsoid in Kertau and the Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68) for Sabah and Sarawak based on Modified Everest ellipsoid in Timbalai. With the recent advances in space-based positioning technology, many countries have begun to implement and subsequently adopted a global geocentric coordinate reference system. In relation to this, Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) itself has embraced in the early 1990s the Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with the eventual objective of adopting a global unified datum for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. This later led towards the establishment of a new geodetic framework
Some of the major technologies used in geography, have made both sorts of information far more readily available and far easier to use. Statistical analysis and modeling of spatial patterns have relied on computer technology.
S- together the angles make a coordinate that can pinpoint any geographic position on the surface of the Earth, or any other
Answer: - Coordinate system is actually a reference system which represents the geographic locations, images, GPS (Geographic Positioning System) locations present in a common geographical framework. Hence these coordinate systems allows the geographic datasets to use the common locations for the purpose of integration.
3. Organizing geographic information: Once collected, geographic information should be organized and displayed in ways that help analysis and interpretation; these range from the visual and graphical (e.g., maps, graphs, diagrams, tables) to the written (e.g., essays, paragraphs, pertinent quotes, tables) (NGS).
1. ) With new technology such as Satellites scanning the surface of the earth, cartographers can use geographic information science or (GIS) to help them make more detailed and accurate maps. This has allowed scientists to get very precise and complex information from all of the data coming from the satellite orbiting around the earth at all different distances and angles. Another use for all of the Satellites is remote sensing, this allows satellite images to be scanned in thin lines any time a satellite could scan a small area or a pixel. With this we can look at very small features of earth from space and removals send it back down to earth for Analysis. A scientist can use this tech for making very accurate maps about features such as population
plays a major part of our geographic information system. With all the advance technology today
The disadvantages of the map is that there might be bias from the cartographer on
Before understanding why geography tools are important, know what they are. There are many different types of maps. Physical, climate, economic, topographical, political, road, and many more. Things such as an atlas, globe, aerial photographs, satellite photograph, graphs, and GIS systems are also important in a geographer's line of work. A GIS is a computer program
Geography, in general, is studying where and why locations are placed on a map. To answer these questions, you must have not only memory but skill as well. In unison, you must use geophagic themes, concept and skill, that not many people have or are willing to have. Location, Place, Relationship within Places, Movement, and Regions are the five guidelines for geographic education, a branch of social studies. These were put into place by professional educator to make sure that children would know and value the world around
Ever since man has been observing their surroundings, there has been a desire to go to the far reaches of our earth and out of our earth. Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, has allowed an easier way for people to know where the user is on our earth and to know that we put something into space.
-A map is used for two purposes: 1) a tool for storing reference material(2.) a tool for
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of twenty four satellites that can pinpoint any position on earth using a GPS receiver. Used to calculate exact position, speed and time, there are tremendous
A surface or level which is regarded as a base from which other levels can be counted. For example, sea level is often used as a datum level against which the height of land and depth of the sea bed are measured. A geodetic datum is an abstract coordinate system with a reference surface (such as sea level) that serves to provide known locations to begin surveys and create maps. In this way, datum act similar to starting points when you give someone directions. For instance, when you want to tell someone how to get to your house, you give them a starting point that they know, like a crossroads or a building address. Geodesists and surveyors use datum to create starting or reference points for floodplain maps, property boundaries, construction surveys, levee design, or other work requiring accurate coordinates that are consistent with one another.
The State Plane Coordinate System (SPS or SPCS) is a set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. Multiple state zones are used to limit distortion errors due to map projections. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments. Its popularity is due to at least two factors. First, it uses a simple Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a more complex spherical coordinate system like the geographic coordinate system of latitude and longitude. By using the Cartesian coordinate system 's simple XY coordinates, plane surveying methods can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. Second, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a specific state plane zone accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not useful for regional or national mapping. The State Plane system provides a common coordinate reference for horizontal coordinates over county and multi-county areas while limiting distortion error to specified maximum values.
Historically mapping has been used in many different ways, for example they can help to develop battle plans and devise strategies for winning wars, as well as to help with making boundaries to promote peace. When we can visually see where we are, in comparison to others, it helps to give us a new perspective into the political, geographical and social similarities and differences we may share with other people. Mapping can provide us with valuable insight into the way other people live, think and behave.