DPP4: A Comparative Analysis

2b) The authors provided the reader a lot of information on the topic. Each topic was very well explored. A lot of different information on different but similar studies. The authors seemed very knowledgeable on the topic. This article lacked a few things. A clear research question and a hypothesis. The paragraphs were not clear and consist, I felt that I had to dig to get certain information. The paper was very wordy, which made me have a hard time understanding the substance.

SARS is a respiratory infection caused by the coronavirus that was thought to have originated in Guangdong China but was not reported until

· The results of the study, the interpretation of the data by the authors and any conclusions they include at the end of the article.

vii. Does the article fit into an existing theoretical framework? In other words, what theory (ies) does the article address that was discussed

Based on previous research and literature, the common cold virus (Rhinovirus) aggravates symptoms of asthma. In addition, those with asthma tend to be affected by Rhinovirus more often than healthy patients, or allergic individuals without asthma. Our hypothesis is that there are differences in innate immunity that result in an exaggerated response in asthmatics. In order to unravel the mechanism behind this difference, nose scrapings were taken from asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. The epithelial cells were treated with varying conditions including control media, rhinovirus at concentrations of 10TCID and 100TCID, and poly dIdC, which is a RNA mimic of the common virus designed

An ‘emerging’ disease is one that is speedily increasing in frequency or distribution. This expression not only circumscribes the diseases corresponding with previously unknown agents, but additional known diseases that are ‘re-emerging’, as well. What is it that provokes disease emergence? Epidemiological principles profess that disease is multi-factorial. That is, in inclusion to the existence of the infectious agent, additional factors, such as the agent, host, and/or the environment are all generally imperative for infection and disease to occur. But who would have concluded that one of the most menacing viral infections would result from a mammal? The Nipah Virus Infection (NiV) is a known emerging infection, targeting the public health

Genera Lymphocryptovirus. (HHV-4). This virus has been known to be one of the most common viruses in humans. It may cause a host of human diseases such as chicken pox, shingles, multiple sclerosis, infectious mononucleosis, and Burkitts lymphoma which is one of the human cancers. More than ninety percent of the adult population have artificially acquired immunity

The de novo formation of CCPs induced by viral binding suggests a manipulation of the clathrin-signaling pathway. Since clathrin recruitment is initiated by AP2 after AP2 detects PI(4,5)P and cargo, the virus could be interacting with any one of these three elements in clathrin-induced endocytosis. However, as the authors point out, influenza binds to sialic acids on the cell surface and not normal cargo receptors that interact with AP2. So how, then, would AP2 be coerced into recognizing the virus as cargo on the cell membrane and hence recruit clathrin? They suggest there is an induction of curvature on the membrane perhaps involving amphiphysin. A logical next step would be to mutate amphiphysin and/or other similar BAR domains, infect cells with a tagged influenza virus and transfected fluorescent clathrin, and determine whether or not de novo CCPs can be formed. Comparing this assay to a control using wild-type amphiphysin, one could draw a conclusion as to the extent of influence BAR domains have on viral entry and clathrin

The primary weakness of this paper is set-up. Paper lacked key elements that are essential to the structure of the paper, for example: format of title page does not correspond with ASA style, paper lacked proper citations within paper, and there is no clear hypothesis within paper.

I would also provide a broad description of the disease’s mechanism of infection. The first confirmed case of MERS was in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It was identified through an immunofluorescent examination of the man’s the sputum (mucous/saliva coughed up from respiratory tract). The Saudi Arabian researchers tested the man’s sputum and blood against a group of known disease antibodies, and they did not match. A researcher continued to do more tests, and identified it as a novel coronavirus. Many viruses are named after where they are discovered, so MERS was named after the Middle East. It is believed that this man, or ‘patient zero’, obtained the virus from a camel or another Middle Eastern livestock animal. One can catch MERS through close contact with a person, like living with or caring for a person, or through contact with infected animals and infected animal by-products, like spit or waste. It is thought to be spread like the flu, through coughing and sneezing. The MERS virus rapidly infects cells in the respiratory tract. Each virus has a spike protein that recognizes cell receptors on the cell membranes of cells in the lungs and respiratory tract. The S1 piece of the spike protein binds to the cell membrane, and the S2 piece of the spike protein mediates cell membrane fusion. The virus then inserts its RNA, and

The study found that when the virus made the jump from aquatic birds to chickens/poultry there were five amino acid deletions that occurred within the NA surface proteins which enhanced viral pathogenicity within these animals [21]. In order for the virus to cross the species barrier from poultry into humans, it needed to acquire human-type receptor specificity [22]. It was noted that the majority of H7N9 viruses isolated contained a mutation in their HA surface proteins identified as Q226L [21,22]. This mutation was previously correlated with a switch from avian-type receptor specificity to human-type receptor specificity in past human influenza pandemics - H2N2 in 1952 and H3N2 in 1968 [22]. Vries, et al. (2017), found that by itself the mutation remained specific to avian-type receptors with an increase in avidity to human-type receptors, however, the group demonstrated that three other mutations (V186G/K-K193T-G228S or V186N-N224K-G228S) within the H7 protein in addition to the Q226L mutation could switch specificity from avian to human-type receptors. Currently, only 186G and 193N mutations have been discovered in isolated H7 avian viruses. As a result, the virus remains transmissible only through avian-human contact and not through human-human contact [22].

The emerging infectious disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome was the first recorded in the twenty-first century. This disease, which is more commonly referred to as SARS was first recorded on November 16th, 2002 in the Guangdong province of Southern China. It was presented as an unusual form of pneumonia, something that had never been seen before. Within a few days, multiple cases of similar symptoms had been reported in Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Toronto (Kamps, Hoffman, 1). The disease quickly spread to at least two dozen countries, including the United States by the time the outbreak was controlled in July of 2003.(This can be it’s own sentence)

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is only a recently found human infectious agent, originating in the Middle East (Zaki et al 2012). MERS infections are due to an individual being infected by a coronavirus (CoV), more specifically the MERS-CoV. Corona virus symptoms are typically acute, upper and lower respiratory infections (Tyrell & Myint 1996). MERS like all corona viruses, are spherical or pleomorphic enveloped which contain a single-stranded positive sense RNA (Tyrell & Myint 1996). Transmission of corona viruses typically involves close contact and through aerosol droplets, usually spread from sneezing (Tyrell & Myint 1996). Corona viruses invade the respiratory tract, and have an incubation period of roughly 3 days, causing

DPP-4 inhibitors enhance the body's own ability to control blood glucose by increasing the active levels of incretin: glucagen like peplide l (GLP-l), glucose- dependent insulintropic polypeptide (GIP) hormones in the body. Their mechanism of action is distinct from any existing class of oral glucose-lowering agents. They control elevated blood glucose by triggering pancreatic insulin secretion, suppressing pancreatic glucagon secretion, and signaling the liver to reduce glucose production (Barnett, 2006).

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.