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Database Security *)
GÜNTHER PERNUL
Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Informationssysteme
Abteilung für Information Engineering
Universität Wien
Vienna, Austria
1. Introduction
1.1 The Relational Data Model Revisited
1.2 The Vocabulary of Security and Major DB Security Threats
2. Database Security Models
2.1 Discretionary Security Models
2.2 Mandatory Security Models
2.3 Adapted Mandatory Access Control Model
2.4 Personal Knowledge Approach
2.5 Clark and Wilson Model
2.6 A Final Note on Database Security Models
3. Multilevel Secure Prototypes and Systems
3.1 SeaView
3.2 Lock Data Views
3.3 ASD_Views
4. Conceptual Data Model for Multilevel Security
4.1 Concepts of Security Semantics
4.2 Classification
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· Authorization, Access Controls
Authorization is the specification of a set of rules that specify who has which type of access to what information. Authorization policies therefore govern the disclosure and modification of information. Access controls are
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· Integrity, Consistency
An integrity policy states a set of rules (i. e. semantic integrity constraints) that define the correct states of the database during database operation and therefore can protect against malicious or accidental modification of information. Closely related issues to integrity and consistency are concurrency control and recovery. Concurrency control policies protect the integrity of the database in the presence of concurrent transactions. If these transactions do not terminate normally due to system crashes or security violations recovery techniques are used to reconstruct correct or valid database states.
· Auditing
The requirement to keep records of all security relevant actions issued by a user is called auditing. Resulting audit records are the basis for further reviews and examinations in order to test the adequacy of system controls and to recommend any changes in the security policy.
In this Chapter such a broad perspective of database security is not taken.
Instead, main focus is directed towards aspects related to
Information security is the protection of information against accidental or malicious disclosure, modification or destruction. Information is an important, valuable asset of IDI which must be managed with care. All information has a value to IDI. However, not all of this information has an equal value or requires the same level
Each distributed DB perform some procedures to protect the data from any threats may occur through transactions. First is access control methodology which prevent unauthorized access to data. Second, inference control which prohibit users from inferring confidential data of other individuals using queries. Finally, flow control to prevent information from flowing to unauthorized persons in a way that violates organization policies.
The administration of data security depends on three unique ranges of responsibility. These are most certainly not regularly connected or facilitated as their management is set in various authoritative structures which may not converse with each other.
Other security elements are in reference to data recovery, database administration, handling a breach in security and administrative security policies such as access procedure, employee transfer and excessive user access. As I assume the role of the chief security officer, database designer, database administrator, and chief applications designer this project is very important to the armed services and the Virgin Islands National Guard as we strive to provide global security.
The task of implementing a protection scheme that will provide controlled access to specific files in a system is not only an important but also a necessary task to ensure that the integrity as well as the availability of that file is maintained throughout. This paper is designed to put into perspective a protection scheme to facilitate the scenario where a system has 5000 user and 4990 of those users will need to have access to a particular file within the system. It will also provide clarity on Access control list (ACL’s) their roles as well as the different flavors available. It will also try to prove that proper implementation and utilizations of groups within a security scheme provides not only organization and
Information security is the protection of information against accidental or malicious disclosure, modification or destruction. Information is an important, valuable asset of IDI which must be managed with care. All information has a value to IDI. However, not all of this information has an equal value or requires the same level of protection. Access controls are put in place to protect information by controlling who has the rights to use different information resources and by guarding against unauthorised use. Formal procedures must control how access to information is granted and how such access is changed. This policy also mandates a standard for the creation of strong passwords, their protection and frequency of change.
“The practice of keeping data protected from corruption and unauthorized access” is known as data security (SpamLaw, 2011). The focal point of data security is the protection of
Due in Week Seven: Outline the Access Control Policy. Describe how access control methodologies work to secure information systems
Relational database contains data records that do not have a preset of relationships, permitting the user to define his or her relationship when accessing the data. Since users have much control over the data being accessed, relational databases can perform a variety of tasks. Such as defining the database; querying the database; adding, editing, and deleting data from the database; modifying the structure of the database; securing data from public access; communicating within the network; and exporting and importing data (Murthy, 2008).
Initially we should start with identifying and defining the four security components to ensure we have a clear understanding of what they are and how to implement them. The components of information security are Confidentiality, Integrity, and availability also known as the CIA triad. Confidentiality in Information Security is defined as the protection of information from disclosure to unauthorized parties (Chia, 2012). Integrity in Information Security is defined as protecting data from being modified by those not authorized to do so. Authentication is defined as proof that the individual requesting access is who they say they are. Non-repudiation is an assurance that someone cannot deny something, in information security this might be completed
What is a database? According to our book, it’s an organized collection of logically related data. The information collected in a database can be effortlessly administered and accessed. However, with each database there is a concern of security. According to our book, the goal of database security is to protect and prevent data from unintentional or deliberate threats to its integrity and accessibility. The database environment has grown more complex, with distributed databases located on client/server architectures and personal computers as well as mainframes. Access to data has become more open through the Internet and corporate intranets and from mobile computing devices. As a result, managing data security has become more difficult and time-consuming.
This paper looks at the type of data that is vulnerable, conducting risk assessments, and finding the proper balance between security and functionality.
Fortunately, the potential for loss at the database is slim. The Army Reserves has made an effort to allow only a handful users with the ability to maintain a system that supports 500,000 Soldiers. However, in regards to protecting the data that is stored where it is most vulnerable, with a robust auditing policy and proper resources, organizations can mitigate the effects of an insider whose intent is to cause some form of damage, as well as the unknowing individual who is simply making a mistake.
With advances in technology constantly happening, it can be hard to keep up with all of the latest trends. If organizations cannot keep up with the latest trends, it can lead to flaws in their security. Any flaws in security can have a detrimental effect on an organization’s database. Almost every organization has some sort of database, whether it is for maintaining customers, inventory, or vital information.
As the use of computers, databases, and technology in general, security has grown to be a powerful tool that has to be used. The threat of outside sources intruding and exploiting crucial information is a threat that is present on a daily basis. As a part of creating and implementing a security policy, a user must consider access control. Access Control is a security tool that is used to control who can use or gain access to the protected technology. Access control security includes two levels; logical and physical. Though database intrusions can happen at any moment, access control provides another security barrier that is needed.