Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report

Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus, separatory funnel for isolation, vacuum filtration, and simple distillation. The reflux condenser is used to allow thorough distillation of the product with the use of heat to accelerate and stir while vapors

Distillation of the first product began at 83 °C. A Pasteur pipette was used to remove 1-ml of the distillate into a vial. A second vial was filled with distillate until it reached 1-ml. As the second vial is being filled, observe the temperature and remove the apparatus from the heat source if there is an observed drop in temperature.

Distilation may be the only way to produce a strong finished product there are serious dangers that the process brings. First, there is a dangerous chemical in the mash that is produced, and boils at a lower temperature than ethyl alcohol, methanol. Although methanol is an alcohol, it is not the good kind and is the reason people would go blind from drinking it. Methanol boils at 143 degrees farenheight and is usually the first to start flowing, so the first few gallons are discarded. Another important danger is because during distillation there is an open flame and

First. We weight the 10-ml graduated cylinder and record the data for 37.87g. Then put 5ml isopentyl alcohol and weight it with the 10-ml graduated cylinder for 41.94g. So, we get the isopentyl alcohol weight is 4.07g. Then, we also weight 7ml glacial acetic acid and put it into the 10-ml graduated cylinder. We add 1-ml sulfuric acid and put it into the 10-ml graduated cylinder too. After we mix all of the liquid, we put a boiling stone in the flask. Next, we good connection device like the picture. Then heating under reflux. Before reflux, we should check it. First, we should wait until the liquid began to boil and the color was changing to brown. Then, continue to heat for 75 minutes. After 75 minutes, we stop it. And we need to cool the liquid to the room temperature. Then we ready 10ml ice water to cool the liquid. After cooling it, we put the liquid in the separatory funnel. And we should add 5ml saturated aqueous sodium to separate it. After first separate it. Then add 5ml saturated aqueous sodium chloride to separate it. Then transfer the liquid to a 25-ml round-bottom flask. After one week, we first weight the sample mass. Then put our sample to another group’s graduated cylinder. And weight the combine mass. Then put the sample into a distillation unit. To begin the distillation and record the boiling point range. And we should also weight the mass after distillation. We can calculate the percentage yield.

The purpose of the experiment was to distill cyclohexane from the toluene using to methods: simple distillation and fractional distillation. Distillation is a technique used to purify volatile liquids. Distillation involves boiling the impure liquid, condensing the vapor, and collecting pure fraction of the liquid. The mixture is heated to its boiling point where the liquid is converted into vapor, and once the boiling points are different the components can be separated by distillation.1 Fractional distillation can be effective when trying to separate volatile experiments that have similar boiling points. Fractional distillation can complete many simple distillations in one apparatus. A distillation column was used in the fractional distillation

Simple distillation can be effective if the different substances have a fifty or more degree distinction in their boiling points. In this generally a boiling flask is used with a thermometer to detect the boiling point of the substances. A condenser is attached that has cold water passing continuously which then leads to another flask that contains the purified liquid. A liquid is boiled into a vapor which is then concentrated back into a liquid form. This process happens to be a very common form of purifying organic liquids. An organic liquid is a compound containing

This process relies on heating a solution to separate out the different components. This is done through the fact that each compound has a specific inherent boiling point, a temperature at which a liquid turns into a vapor. These vapors are then passed through a fractioning column. These columns are often filled with glass or plastic beads to aid in the separation process by increasing surface area for condensation. As the the vapor moves through the column, the compounds with higher boiling points condense on the column and return to the solution, where as components with lower boiling points move through the column and collect near the

In the experiment, the techniques of facilitated distillation and gas chromatography were used for the purpose of isolating two liquids within an original mixed solution, and to identify and calculate the percent composition ratio of each of the unknown liquids within the solution. Distillation separates and purifies different compounds by heating up the solution and finding their boiling points. There are two types of distillations, simple and facilitated. Simple distillation is the simpler form of the two, it is mainly used for the separation of a liquid and a solid from a mixture, it is also used when separating two liquids that have a difference in boiling points of greater than 40ºC. Facilitated distillation is the ideal method for separation of a number of liquids within the same solution, particularly when the difference in the boiling points are less than 40ºC. In facilitated distillation, the liquids are separated by boiling points, when the solution is heated up the liquids change from liquid gas at their specific boiling point, and then the extracted gas condenses back into a liquid. Fractional distillation is essentially thought of as a more efficient method of separation than that of simple distillation, as it is a series of

The distillation process developed from a deep need to satisfy something within me. I needed a challenge and a mystery, and that's what I got. Just in the past week, working in this way has taken me to a place I haven't been in almost 8 years. The interlocking shapes are fading and the whole paper is being worked. An atmospheric dark beauty that seems to undulate from just under the surface has now arrived. Sometimes a few dark lines really are enough to please me, why add anything

Distillation uses temperature change to evaporate and re-condensate water. Fluoride and other inorganic minerals will generally not transfer from the boiling chamber to the condensate chamber. Some organic contaminants can transfer across. Maintenance requirements are minor; consisting only of periodic cleanout of the solid minerals in the boiling chamber and possible wipe down of the condensate chamber. Nevertheless, energy cost and reject heat are some concerns (DES, 2007).

There was 0.67 mL of product produced from the fractional distillation. The first vial contained 0.11 mL and had a density of 1.33 g/mL, the second was 0.32 mL with a density of 0.99 g/mL,and the third was 0.24 mL with a density of 1.12 g/mL. By analyzing the densities, the product produced was mostly water. The ethanol product should have fell between the densities of 0.789-0.856 g/mL. The only density used was 0.99 g/mL to calculate percent yield, which was 1.17%,determining the product to be very low in ethanol. According to ChemSpider.com, the expected density of pure

Before the concentration profile of the distillation column could be calculated, the column had be heated to the point of equilibrium. After being heated for forty-five minutes, the binary mixture began boiling, and the equilibrium status of the column was monitored by taking temperature measurements of the mixture from the 8th tray every five minutes. The data collected is located below is Table 1.

The mass of the distillate was obtained after fermentation and the fractional distillation was calculated to be 0.195 g. The distillate was collected in three fractions using a 1 mL syringe with a needle when the temperature reached approximately 78°C. The amount of ethanol that should have been produced was 1.08 g. However, this experiment only obtained 0.195 g of ethanol product. The percent yield was calculated to be only 18.12%, so only 18.12% of ethanol product was recovered from the fermentation reaction. The density of the distillate obtained from flask one was 1.03 g/mL, flask two was 0.979 g/mL and flask three was 0.99 g/mL. The distillate in all three flasks contained mostly water and only some ethanol because the percent recovery

Distillation is the process by which a solution containing two or more compounds with varying volatility are heated until the lowest of the compounds boiling points occurs, vaporizing it into the distillation head (containing a thermometer) followed by condensing it (with running water through a tube from bottom to top) until it becomes a liquid where it can again be captured in a receiving flask.1 This process works best and gives purest results when one of the compounds is volatile (easily vaporized) and the other is either non-volatile or volatile with a different boiling point.1 The means with which this process works is by giving sufficient energy to the compound, which in this case is the lighter compound, with the lowest boiling point such that it will vaporize while the (heavier) compound with the higher boiling point remains in the solution with insufficient vaporization energy. Boiling point of a liquid can be impacted in many cases by intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions, but in this instance cyclohexane (bp: 81°C) and toluene (bp: 111°C) only experience dispersion forces with no distinct differences other than their molecular weights.2 The boiling point is signified by the vapor pressure equaling the

Distillation columns can be used to separate binary mixtures or mixtures of several components. The mixtures are separated by taking advantage of the different volatilities and boiling points of the individual components. As heat is added to the distillation tower, the more volatile component, and consequently the component with the lower boiling point will be boiled off faster than the less volatile components. The volatile vapor then travels up the tower through the column trays and comes into contact with the less volatile liquid at each tray. Since the vapor that travels up the tower does not only contain one component but a mixture of all the components, the less volatile component will condense back into liquid and create a higher concentrated vapor. The distillate stream is at the top of the tower and contains the desired product of separation.