Function And Behavior Of The Protein Immunoglobulin Essay

Antibodies are involved in the immune response. They're made up of two light polypeptide chains and two heavy polypeptide chains bonded together. Antibodies have a variable region which acts in a similar way to the active site of an enzyme. Each antibody has a variable region that is the complementary shape for a particular antigen and

This, according to the clonal selection theory, the immune system functions on the “ready-made” rather than the “made-to-measure” principle. The question of how an animal makes so many different antibodies there for become a problem of genetics rather than one of protein chemistry” (Bowden 1006). This means that genetics determine how well the immune system works and this the key to figuring out a way to boost the immune system to help fight of infections and diseases before they even begin to weaken and infect the whole body. If someone decided they wanted to be immune to a snake bite or HIV the only thing that would have to be done is find one person just one that is immune and clone that person gene and add it to the other person who also wants to be immune to a certain disease, physical or chemical problem. “Scientist have grown replacement organs for sheep, rats and rabbits using the animal's own cells and alb molds to help the tissue take shape a technique that could be used someday to make spare parts for

Proteins are primarily considered to have one primary function to serve its role in an organism, however studies have observed to have multiple functioning proteins known as moonlighting proteins (Khan et al. 2014). Moonlighting proteins along with primary functions, have secondary functions that are not related to the primary function and does not correlate to the primary or other functions (Khan et al. 2014). The multifunctional proteins play essential roles in carrying out biochemical functions which aids in the cell growth but are not caused by gene fusion and multiple RNA splice variants (Amblee et al. 2015). The discovery of moonlighting proteins was first discovered by Piatigorsky and Wistow while observing crystallins (Khan et al. 2014). Crystallins, are structural proteins that are found in the eye lens that exhibit enzymatic activity to make the lens itself (Khan et al. 2014). Crystallin has a primary function to help form the lens of the eye by acting as a structural protein (Amblee et al. 2015). Besides enzymatic activity, crystallin was observed in other mammals to have secondary functions such as metabolic functions which are helpful in prokaryotic (Khan et al 2014). Most moonlighting proteins are characterized as cytosolic enzymes and chaperons, or in other words helping proteins (Amblee et al 2015). The multifunctional proteins or moonlighting proteins can also be identified as receptors, channel proteins and ribosomal proteins (Khan et al. 2014). Due to the

Lymphocytes are vital to the human body to protect us against disease and initiate an immune response. Each person possesses billions of lymphocytes which collectively provide an individual with the ability to respond to a huge variety of antigens. The wide

makes antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help attack and kill germs. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream.

Humans’ body contains cells, that are build from small molecules - antigens, whose are composed in such a way that they are unique for each individual. While developing, the body learns to perceive antigens as the cells that are harmless. However, if other antigens are attached to them, for example, bacterial

Immunoglobulin is the name given to the groups of proteins within our blood plasma known as antibodies (Carpo, Pedotti, & Allaria, 1999). In high-dose immunoglobulin therapy, donated blood plasma with specific antibodies is intravenously administered in small quantities (400mg/kg) over the course of six days. The immune system naturally reacts and begins to regulate the immunity response by allowing the immune system the ability to inhibit autoantibodies and repress autoantibody production (Carpo et al., 1999). Immunoglobulin therapy since its introduction has been considered to be a safer treatment because of its reduced risks and complications (Kleyweg, & van der Meché, 1991). Studies have found that GBS patients have responded favourable to immunoglobulin therapy, where Kleyweg, and van der Meché (1991) discovered that along with supportive care, 93% of patients made full

Explain the involvement of immune cells (B, C, T, antigen presenting cells and immune complex).

The Immune framework is a progression of complex procedures which has developed to shield the body from assault by remote pathogens. These pathogens can enter our body through the skin or covering of the inner organs. The invulnerable framework can shield us from intracellular and extracellular living beings and also from ourselves, halting malignancies and immune system illnesses from spreading in our bodies (Bastian, 1993). There are two lines of guard, the versatile (particular) and natural (non-particular insusceptibility), however both are united in their objective to annihilate pathogens they have distinctive approaches to handle this. Intrinsic resistance is the first line of protection while versatile insusceptibility is the 2nds line

The RFs usually consist of two classes of immunoglobulins antibodies (antibodies for IgM and IgG) occasionally for IgA. Their main antigenic targets are portions of the immunoglobulin molecules. RFs bind with their target self-antigens in blood and synovial membrane, forming immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes).

Occurs when IgG or IgM form antigen–antibody complexes. Precipitate beneath endothelium of blood vessels and other tissues. At site, activate complement and trigger intense inflammation

The human immune system plays a major role in every person’s body. It protects the body against foreign particles that could lead to diseases, such as bacteria and viruses. A white blood cell protein, called CD4, play a key role in the human immune system. Without the help of CD4 proteins, bodies would not be able to receive the signal to activate the body’s immune response against foreign contaminants entering the body.

At the point when an individual is tainted with a microorganism, the safe framework produces antibodies to help battle

Other structures involved in MS is the T cells. Our immune function is helped by two types of white blood cells which is B cells and T cells. B cells are developed in the bone marrow and they produces antibodies while T cells develop in the Thymus gland and are responsible for immune response.

Immunology basically involves understanding the immune system and how it responds to various disease conditions. the immune system consists of a number of components. Traditionally, it is divided into humoral and cellular immune responses. It can also be distinguished into innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity can discriminate between normal tissues , self and newly encountered non-self-proteins while the adaptive immunity is the more complex system aimed at the eradication of intracellular pathogens. To do this, antigen derived from such pathogens that are often new to the host organism, need to be recognised by receptor-bearing specialised immune cells which respond to a complex system of stimulatory and costimulatory signals. Better understanding of the human immune system has led to the identification of a number of tumor-associated antigens in the 1980s and the development of various immunotherapeutic approaches. In recent years, identification of the specific antigenic MHC class I epitopes, advancements in genetic engineering, gene delivery, and cell-based therapeutic approaches allowed development of the novel immunotherapeutics.