How Did The Europeans Contribute To The Spread Of Maritime Expansion

While differing ecomically and politically in their responses to western penetration, Japan and China had similarities in the way of geography. China only allowed Europeans to trade with it in a limited number of ports and cities, which limited the amount of goods Europeans were allowed to transfer overseas. Japan isolated itself as a whole from trade for an entire decade, and when it did open it was cautious towards westerners. Additionally, both were bordered by the ocean at least to a certain extent – Japan was surrounded entirely, being an island, by water, and a large percentage of China’s borders was water. It is because of this that the third similarity arose – both did trade by ocean. China with Britain, simply because it was the easiest, cheapest, and most efficient form of travel between the two, and Japan because there was obviously no choice considering Japan is an island. These geographical similarities arose purely from the coincidence that both were bordered by the ocean, which created the necessity for boats and by the time the opportunity for trade

These traders brought with them different views on culture and government to China. One traveler named Marco Polo was hired by Kublai Khan to spread the ways of the Mongols with other tribes and empires. One negative impact of all of this trade was disease. People carried diseases and bacterias with them that were foreign to the new lands. When they reached a new location that disease would wipe out everyone in its path because they weren’t immune to it. Although diseases such as the black plague killed a lot of people, trade had more of a positive effect than a negative effect on the world because it led to new inventions that are still used to this

During the early nineteenth century, both China and Japan enforced policies restricting foreign trade in order to avoid industrialization and western ideas, but after both societies experienced foreign invasions and unequal treaties being established by foreigners, Japan began to industrialize and became imperialists trying to create an empire, while China differed in that the people wanted reform and government restrained the reformation of their society, therefore causing multiple rebellions and overall the collapse of their empire.

Many European countries such as Germany, France, and Great Britain, as well as Russia, Japan and the United States wanted to gain control of the Chinese market and dominate the trade and goods of that country. The result of

d. Contact with the West increased in the 17th century, but in the early 18th century, the Qing rulers restricted trade to land outside the walls of beijing . The 1793 British mission to expand trade did not succeed, and the emperor Qianlong explained in a letter to George III that

d. Contact with the West increased in the 17th century, but in the early 18th century, the Qing rulers restricted trade to land outside the walls of . The 1793 British mission to expand trade did not succeed, and the emperor Qianlong explained in a letter to George III that China British manufactured goods.

1. Trade rights and religious perceptions affected how Matteo Ricci viewed relations with china by taking a different strategy than the other missionaries. “…the Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) encouraged his followers to immerse themselves in the language and to become conversant with the rich traditions of Chinese literature (Source 21.2, Ricci, Matteo, in Patterns of World History, Vol. 2, p. S21-4)”. Instead of limiting their training in Chinese language and culture and focusing merely on the conversion of the poor, the Jesuits instead immersed themselves in the Chinese language and high culture of the empire. They gained recognition through their advanced knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, military science and other European learning required by the imperial

China experiences the pressure of the imperialist’s military which China did not have the knowledge or the experience to match. China went from a superior leader, self-sufficient country, that thought that everyone else were barbarians to a torn country. China accepted foreign trade, but they wanted to control and limit how much and with who the trade was used for, they felt that they European trade was unnecessary. They did not allow the western merchants to have any power or privileges and restricted them to Canton, plus they refused to open their trade system beyond Co-Hong which caused china to not become as prosperous as Japan. (Valentini 2013) Because China the believed that they were the center of civilization and that the Western culture was inferior the Chinese government refused to go along with any of the European’s request and the two nations became hostile towards

Their strong relationships with Africa helped the trade go very smoothly, “...were now gradually brought closer in a long chain of trans-oceanic trade. ”(7). The ocean was broken and unconnected until trade between Mongolia/China and Africa began. Trade made the ocean unified and brought goods to other countries, and everyone was

Zheng He was a Muslim and eunuch, who led seven expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433. His armada was over 300 and a crew over 27,000. Zheng He visited Africa, The Middle East and India. His journeys were trade missions, but not in the way of buying something and selling it for higher prices. At that time, China was not indeed of anything to import, but indeed of respect and prestige from other people. China engaged in a debasing ritual. This led foreign rulers going to China on a treasure ship with Zheng He to sail, bringing a lot of different stuff including exotic animals.

Throughout the late eighteenth century, China did not reject the outside world. It just failed to see that the globe had something to offer. China ran well enough with cheap labour and efficient administration. Supply and demand was easily met in a way that left no incentive to invest in technological improvement. Plus, China was unaware that an economic, technological and cultural revolution was taking place in Europe and expanding throughout the rest of the world. For this reason, China did not industrialize in the way that the West did. China became weak and fell behind the technology race because of its poor leadership. Chinese emperors were more

In 1842, after the end of the First Opium War, with creation of the Treaty of Nanking, Chinese ports were forced to open up to foreign trade. After doing so, the Treaty of Wanghia was made between China and the US, which was the very beginning of relations between the two. It granted privileges to America in China. Even more privileges opened up to America, after, Treaties of Tianjin were signed in 1858. The treaties opened up more ports for trade and settlement for foreign countries. Initially, the United States wanted trade with China because before the U.S., only the British had trade relations with China. When the American China Development Company was founded in 1895, which aimed to gain railway and mining in China, it was sought to provide

To convert people all over the globe, Jesuits resorted to many strategies to relate to the locals on their missions. In the mission to convert China to Christianity, the greatest success came from Jesuits emerging themselves deep into Chinese culture, and failed because of lack of European support. When Jesuits first got to China they studied the culture and found “a well-established pattern of using robes and other adornments to denote social status,” (403) [1]. The most successful campaigns used by missionaries in other parts of the globe involved mixing local culture with Christianity. Until 1592 missionaries in China dressed as Buddhist monks, with distinctive robes that inadvertently singled them out as people not to be associated with.

Ming said their their empire owned the world. Even though Portuguese and other foreigners were interested in China and wrote book about China, the Ming did not interested in them. The Portuguese used gold and silver to exchange Chinese silks and porcelains with Ming at Macao near Guangzhou. Later, the foreigners could trade under Chinese supervision.

China was never really colonized yet China was still exploited by the west. No country wished to politically control China as it was massive and often unruly. The west simply wished for economic control as they relied on many goods from China. Part of China’s unwillingness to modernize was their unwillingness to import goods from those who they were exporting goods to. This disadvantaged the west who sought to “stabilize” their trade relationship. This resulted in various nations carving China into spheres of influence forcing a globalization of China's economy, political modernization, and even colonial rule of some cities such as Hong Kong. Through the process of decolonization from the west and political revolution inside China, China regained