Prevalence of Caries and Dental Fluorosis in School going Children Living in Dammam

If left untreated, pulp infection can lead to abscess, destruction of bone, and systemic infection (Cawson et al. 1982; USDHHS 2000). Various sources have concluded that water fluoridation has been an effective method for preventing dental decay (Newbrun 1989; Ripa 1993; Horowitz 1996; CDC 2001; Truman et al. 2002). Water fluoridation is supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States, because of its role in reducing tooth decay in children and tooth loss in adults (CDC 1999). Each U.S. Surgeon General has endorsed water fluoridation over the decades it has been practiced, emphasizing that “[a] significant advantage of water fluoridation is that all residents of a community can enjoy its protective benefit…. A person’s income level or ability to receive dental care is not a barrier to receiving fluoridation’s health benefits” (Carmona 2004). As noted earlier, this report does not evaluate nor make judgments about the benefits, safety, or efficacy of artificial water fluoridation. That practice is reviewed only in terms of being a source of exposure to

Fluoridation of group drinking water is a main consideration in charge of the decrease in dental caries (tooth rot) . The historical backdrop of water fluoridation is a great case of clinical perception prompting epidemiologic examination and group based general wellbeing intercession. Albeit other fluoride-containing items are accessible, water fluoridation remains the most fair and practical strategy for conveying fluoride to all individuals from most groups, paying little respect to age, instructive achievement, or wage level.

However, like many studies, this study has a few limitations. In this study, we got results which were far lower than expected, due to which we analyzed the proportion of the population who received fluoride applications instead of the mean number of fluoride applications. For dental home linkage since there was not enough data to analyze the ward-specific distribution of a mean number of days, we looked at the overall mean number of days for dental home linkage for those six referred patients. Also, for fluoride applications, we looked at the proportion of only fluoride varnishes applied by dentists, physicians, both and institution. We also looked at the proportions of only varnishes by provider type instead of the mean/the median number of varnish since we did not have information about unique providers which could give specific

2. Today world health organization says no real difference of tooth decay of minority countries vs majorly with yes who fluoride vs those who don’t

The purpose of it was to find any correlations between caries prevalence, specifically baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD), and water fluoridation status. The results for the prevalence of BBTD among children attending Head Start sites in optimally and suboptimally fluoridated water supplies were of interest. The total sample data indicated a significantly lower BBTD prevalence in optimally fluoridated water supplies. The prevalence among children for whom fluoridation is usually either lacking or totally missing fluoride was more than double that of children whose water almost always contained optimal fluoride levels. Thus, the data suggests that BBTD has a significant association with fluoridation

Infants are most at risk since they consume the highest amounts per body weight through formulas. Dental fluorosis a condition that shows up in the discoloration of tooth enamel, and is a bi-product of getting too much fluoride in the diet. Dental fluorosis shows up in later years as presenting as white spots, pitting and a permanent and intrinsic darkening. This condition is systematic of a wider range of problems.

Despite the significant improvement of Australian children dental health over the years, there were significant proportions of children continuing to have caries problem that cannot be overlook. For example 7.3 per cent of 12-year-old children had a DIMF score of six or more in 1985, and 8.2 per cent had three or more teeth recorded as carious (D or I), which would result in uneven distribution of dental caries as well as highlighted the importance of identification of caries-susceptible children that could be targeted for specific preventive programs.

The first effect of fluoride ingestion discusses about the benefits of toothpastes. In the article that was found it mentions how fluoride toothpastes reduces the number of dental caries developing over the span of 3 years by 23% and 24% separately. This means that toothpastes that have traces of fluoride have the benefits of reducing the appearance of cavities

During the middle 70s to the middle 90s, the tooth decay significantly decreased. It was probably as the result of a better access to fluoridated drinking water, the use of fluoride toothpastes, the impact of preventive oral health programmes and the practices of good oral health hygiene (Australian Government 2015). Internationally, Australian children have enjoyed high level of oral health services and access. Compared to the OCD country, Australian children is in the second lowest that has permanent teeth with caries experience at age 12 (Spencer 2006). Unfortunately, those achievements cannot deny that, in fact, children dental decay is the most prevalent health problem in Australia. Among children, decay is five times more prevalent compared to asthma and the severity increase according to disadvantage (Chrisopoulos, Harford & Ellershaw 2016).

Maintaining a healthy smile means proper brushing, flossing, and using fluoride. Fluoride is a natural mineral that helps to strengthen enamel, reducing the amount of bacteria that attack your teeth and preventing cavities. Bridgeview Dental Group, located in Kodiak, specializes in family dental care, including teeth whitening, root canals, and tooth implants. They’ve highlighted a few of the myths that surround fluoride use, debunking them to reveal the truth.

More than 50% of children of age 5 to 9 years are affected with caries which increases to 78% in adolescents. Children of age below 5 years are also affected but the proportion

As indicated by John J. Warren, DDS, MS Steven M. Exact, DDS, MPH, there is overpowering confirmation that fluoride dentifrice is an exceptionally viable method for caries aversion, and it has been hypothesized that fluoride dentifrice, alongside group water fluoridation, are the primary purposes behind the caries decrease in many industrialized countries. Despite the fact that there is little question of the adequacy of fluoride dentifrice in aversion of dental caries, concerns have been raised as of late with respect to the part of fluoride dentifrice in dental fluorosis. This paper surveys both investigations of dental fluorosis that have considered fluoride dentifrice as hazard element and the adequacy of low-fluoride focus dentifrices.

Fluoride plays an important role in the formation of teeth, but an excess of it is very toxic and can cause irreversible damage to the structure of the enamel - fluorosis. Depending on the extent of the teeth become white, yellow or brown spots, stripes, defects, and cleave fast break. In the case of fluorosis and in order to prevent it in children's toothpaste contains fluoride should be minimized. For children up to 4 years are suitable paste with fluoride concentrations less than 200 ppm, 4-8 years - no more than 500 ppm (values ​​should be listed on the packaging of paste). At the age of 8-14 years, the child can use toothpaste with fluoride content of about 1400 ppm. The older the child, the less probability of getting large amounts of toothpaste into the body.

Interestingly, the homogeneity of the adopted methods among studies makes findings comparable. Fluoride concentration in the nail clippings reflects the average fluoride intake and plasma concentration during the period when the clipping was formed (Whitford, 2005). Nail sample represents a suitable biomarkers of acute (Buzalaf et al., 2004, Corrêa Rodrigues et al., 2004), sub-chronic (Kokot and Drzewiecki, 2000, Buzalaf et al., 2006) and chronic (Levy et al., 2004, Feskanich et al., 1998a, Buzalaf et al., 2011) fluoride exposure. The concentration of fluoride in the nail clipping is directly related to the average fluoride exposure from drinking water, toothpaste and the work environment that occurred during a 2 weeks’ period or more and not to recent (Whitford et al., 1999, Taves, 1968).

The researches presented various methods of determining oral health in different socio-economic in fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions. Armfield (2005) screened available data collected during routine examinations. Armfield`s focused on 5-6 and 11-12 year old. Caries amongst 5-6 years old socioeconomically underprivileged children from non-fluoridated areas exceeded those