Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for …show more content…
But an interesting act is that “42 percent of women who have heart attacks die within 1 year compared with 24 percent of men” (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2010). Women were for years sheltered from the stresses of working outside the home, but that how it is today. Women in the workforce today are now more than ever subjected to the same stressors as men and are currently exhibiting the same health related strains as men from this change.
Blacks, both male and female are more likely to experience cardiovascular disease than all other races. But that doesn’t change the fact that cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of death for all men and women alike. Due to black individuals being at an elevated risk, especially black males, they are more likely than all others to die at a much younger age. So this reveals that there is an impact on risk for cardiovascular disease depending on individual race or ethnicity. There are many physiological reasons for this, but the social-economic ones cannot be denied.
When examining age in relation to risk for cardiovascular disease, middle-age is for all the highest risk. Males over approximate the age of 41 and females over 47 are at the highest risk for CVD. Genetically those individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease will also be at a higher probability for CVD then those devoid of a family history of the disease. The
Among minorities such as Asians, Hispanics, Indians, Native Americans, and Middle Easterners, the African American race has been affected tremendously by the health disparities in the United States. Currently, African Americans have significantly higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV, unintentional injuries, pregnancy, sudden infant death syndrome, and homicide than do whites Americans (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). While African Americans may lead in these categories, other minorities are not far behind in experiencing health disparities.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major cause of death and is one among the 10 chronic diseases in the world2, 3. Center for Disease control and prevention (CDC) confirms the same for the United States (US). Recent figures (2014) showed that chronic diseases were the cause of 75% of deaths in the US, and approximately 25% of those deaths were due to CVDs4. Chronic diseases consume 86% of the total US health care expenditure whereas, CVDs occupy 17%5. Recent reports indicate that 1 out of every 3 individuals is dying due to a CVD and take up 1 out of every 6 dollars spent on healthcare in the United States. Scientists projected that cardiovascular healthcare expenditure is going to triple
The risks of getting those diseases are even higher for African Americans.” (American Heart Association). High blood pressure and obesity are the common conditions that increase a heart disease. High blood pressure is a condition in which the blood flow is abnormally higher than usual in the arteries. “Nearly 42% percent black men and 45% black women of twenty years and older have high blood pressure” (DeNoon). Researchers may have found a gene in blacks that make them more sensitive to salt, which in the long run increases the risk of high blood pressure. Obesity in african americans is more common as well, which increases the risk of heart disease. 63% of black men and 77% of black women are overweight or obese. A solution for high blood pressure and obesity is a healthy diet and exercise. It won’t only reduce the chances of getting these conditions but also reduce the chances of a heart disease or a
Keywords: socioeconomic status (SES), cardiovascular disease (CVD), African American, risk factors, social determinants, and health disparities, institutionalized racism.
African Americans are more likely to eat a lot of greasy, fat food, and hardly every think about working out. Most importantly African American men are less likely to go to the doctor and check on themselves. This causes more heart
Cardiovascular disease has gained a global attention due to the overwhelming number of cases reported annually. Stakeholders from various health monitoring agencies, health care providers, and government agencies have come together to tackle the disease, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Organizations such as the Million Hearts Initiative, the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 Goals, and the Healthy People 2020 goals have established public health objectives aimed at targeting cardiovascular risk factors, and improving the outcome of the disease (Sidney, Rosamond, Howard & Luepker, 2013). The aspirations of the AHA 2020 objectives are to enhance the cardiovascular well-being of all Americans by 20%, as well as decrease related deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 20% (Sidney et al., 2013). Statistical analysis of the predominance of cardiovascular health risk factors among Americans is overwhelming and therefore needs immediate action. According to Go et al. (2013), about 31.9 million adults 20 years or older have total serum cholesterol levels greater than or equals to 240 mg/dL. According to a statistical data recorded between 2007 to 2010, 33% of United States adults aged 20 years of age or older are hypertensive, that is about 78 million US adults, and 44% globally (Go et al., 2013). In 2010, an overwhelming 19.7 million people in the United States were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, in addition to 8.2 million unconfirmed cases, and 38.2% people
Over the past years, heart disease has constituted one of the leading causes death in America. In fact, statistics show that one in every seven deaths is as a result of heart-related diseases (American Heart Association, 2016). Conversely, most deaths reported are of elderly individuals aged above the 65 years. However, there are also other underlying conditions that elevate the risk of developing heart diseases. According to the American Heart Association (2016) 62% of men and 67.8% of women have high blood pressure that are aged between 65-74 years of age. High blood pressure exposes older people to high-risk chances of developing cardiovascular diseases, characterized by high rates of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular diseases have long been the leading cause of death in the United States (Narang et al., 2016). Moreover, research predicts the progression of cardiovascular disease will impact forty percent of the nation’s population by the year, 2030 (Narang et al., 2016). The literature also shows that the cardiovascular workforce is inadequate for meeting the rising demands of the cardiovascular patient population (Narang et al., 2016). In particular, a subset of
There are many factors that may encourage the incidence of cardiovascular disease, some of them we can say like genetic polymorphisms, medical adherence, and exposures of the environment. Different researchers declared that several inherited risk factors assist in cardiovascular disease [34] showing that some of the risk genetic materials are shared from descendants to their generation [51]. These genetic polymorphisms exist between black and white people, where their platelets react differently (hyperreactive in black people) [35].The point may be related to the historical observations reported that cardiovascular disease is highly developed in black people at a younger age, with the highest incidence
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality worldwide, especially in developed countries. But they are also largely preventable, and many studies have tried to clarify the related risk factors, and what could be done to avoid them.
One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman. Past the menopause, a woman’s risk is similar to a man’s (George and Johnston, 2010). Clinical trials have confirmed that lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, inflammation matrix alteration and foam cell formation are
Currently, cardiovascular disease is “the number one killer in the United States and the developed world” (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 41). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of cardiovascular disease, which is killing more than 7 million individuals on an annual basis.
What is cardio vascular disease? According to the American Heart Association, cardio vascular disease is also called heart disease and it includes numerous problems related to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that occurs as plaque or fatty deposit builds up in the walls of the arteries and as the buildup narrows the arteries, it becomes harder for blood to flow through and causes a heart attack. This severe disease is one of the leading cause of death and disability among the elderly (age 65 and older) men, women, and most ethnic groups. We may ask ourselves, what is causing this disease to be so powerful? There are a number of factors that cause this disease which are high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, being overweight, lack of physical activity, and diabetes. We don’t seem to think much about it but, more than 1 in 3 elderly adults in the United States are diagnosed with the disease. The article “Older Americans & Cardiovascular Disease” state that an estimate 83.6 million American adults and for the 60-79 year-old age group, the following have CVD: 83.0% of men; 87.1%of women. After women go through menopause, the frequency of heart disease in women matches the rate of heart disease in men. The number of our elderly out living their life expectancy is stretching out longer but at the same time that does not reduce the risk of them experiencing a heart attack. Older persons are often faced with unique and multiple challenges to health. When we are
Cardiac related diseases account for over 56 million annual deaths worldwide.1 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and is increasing in occurrence in developing nations.1 The prevalence of CVD increases with age.1 The mean level of blood pressure, used to diagnose CVD, is higher in
According to the World Health Organization, “cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.” These include coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. CVD has been a main public health topic since the late 1990s because of its high prevalence. “Nearly 800,000 people die in the U.S. each year from cardiovascular disease, accounting for 1 in 3 deaths and more than $300 billion in direct medical costs and lost productivity” (CDC Looks Ahead: 13 Public Health Issues in 2013). In 2002 the CDC put together an action plan to help combat this issue. Since the majority of the “baby boomers” were going to turn 65 within the next decade, which is the prime age for CVD, they put together this plan to reduce the number of deaths from CVD by the year 2020. While this plan contains multiple intervention approaches, this paper will be focusing on detecting and controlling CVD risk factors.