1. List three places outside of Africa where sickle-cell anemia is fairly common in the indigenous population: a. b. c. 2. Why hasn't the sickle-cell trait died out? 3. What is the ultimate source of biological variation? What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?
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- 1.) Suppose that the frequency of a recessive allele is found to be 0.30. When the same population is sampled five years later, the frequency of the recessive allele is found to be 0.20. Do these findings indicate that the Hardy-Weinberg principle is false? Justify your response. 2.) Cystic fibrosis is an inherited recessive disorder that causes especially thick mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. The mucus makes it difficult to clear micro-organisms from the airways, so people with cystic fibrosis are prone to dangerous respiratory infections. Among Caucasians, about one in every 3000 newborns is affected by this condition. Determine the frequency of the cystic fibrosis allele among Caucasians. What proportion of this population would you expect to be heterozygous carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele? Express your answers as decimals.2) The year is 2050. The climate has continued to warm. Areas in northern Canada and Alaska are without snow or ice; the average annual temperature has risen and previously snow-covered areas are now shrub land and some temperate forests. What effect would such a climatic change have on the gene pool of the rabbits? All BUT ONE could apply. A) The allelic frequency has most likely shifted to 85% GG and 15% gg. B) The dominant allele in the gene pool would become G, the previously rare allele. C) The allele for white, g, would be scarce and perhaps nonexistent in the population. D) White rabbits would be at a disadvantage in terms of camouflage and would likely fall prey to predators.1. What is the function of melanin in humans? What is the function of melanin in other species? 2. According to the film, why is there a lack of diversity in the MC1R allele among African populations? 3. According to the film, why was dark skin selected for regions close to the equator? 4. Describe the selective pressure favoring light skin in regions far from the equator. 5. Which human populations living in which environments are most at risk for rickets today and why?
- #27 a.) which of the following are both forces of evolution 1. Selection and Mutation 2. Selection and infinite populations 3. Gene Flow and Mendelian genetics 4. Migration and Random mating b.) In this part we want to know which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium model? Mark all the correct assumptions. 1. there is no mutation 2. all genotypes have different fitness 3. sexual selection 4. random mating1. What is the expected time to fixation in generations for a new mutation in a diploid population (like humans) with an effective population size of 50? This new mutation is neutral and has no impact on fitness (e.g. synonymous polymorphism). Assuming the mutation isn’t lost immediately, will it reach fixation faster in a population of Ne=500 or Ne=5,000 and why?6. After a population becomes divided by some barrier to gene flow (i.e., reproductive isolating barrier), alleles in the two resulting populations go through a process called lineage sorting. This process is illustrated in the diagram below, in which the past is at the top and the present at the bottom. a) What type of relationship do the two populations have immediately after time X: Polyphyletic, paraphyletic, or reciprocally monophyletic? Briefly explain how you know this. X b) What type of relationship do the two populations have immediately after time Y: Polyphyletic, paraphyletic, or reciprocally monophyletic? Briefly explain how you know this. Z Species A Species B
- 2) The year is 2050. The climate has continued to warm. Areas in northern Canada and Alaska are without snow or ice; the average annual temperature has risen and previously snow-covered areas are now shrub land and some temperate forests. What effect would such a climatic change have on the gene pool of the rabbits? All BUT ONE could apply. In northern Canada, a population of rabbits was predominantly white in color. The allele for white color is recessive (g) while the allele for gray color is dominant (G). Over the last several decades, the average annual temperature of this area has increased and the long-term deposits of ice and snow have become scarce. In this case, the frequency of a previously rare allele becomes more frequent in the population. Choose one.A) The allelic frequency has most likely shifted to 85% GG and 15% gg. B) The dominant allele in the gene pool would become G, the previously rare allele. C) The allele for white, g, would be scarce and perhaps nonexistent…7. In a study of a Native tribe in North America, researchers found 26 albino individuals in a population of 6000. The type of albinism found is controlled by a single gene with just two alleles, and albinism is recessive to normal skin coloration. a. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what is the frequency of the allele for albinism in this population? b. What is the frequency of carriers of the albinism allele (i.e., heterozygous) in this population, again assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?6. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. What is the frequency of the w allele in this population? a) 0.2 b) 0.4 Phenotypes c) 0.5 Genotypes ww Ww ww d) 0.6 Number of animals (total = 500) 320 160 20 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. What is the expected frequency of the WW genotype in this population assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Hint: The frequency of W is 0.5 and the frequency of w is 0.5.) a) 0.20 Phenotypes b) 0.25 c) 0.40 Genotypes ww Ww w d) 0.50 Number of animals (total = 500) 320 160 20 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. Is this population in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? а) yes b) no Phenotypes Genotypes Ww ww Number of animals 320 160 20 (total =…
- 21) ALL BUT ONE of the statements below helps to describe gene flow. That is A) B) Without genetic variation, some of the basic mechanisms of evolutionary change cannot operate. There are three primary sources of genetic variation: 1. Mutations II. Gene flow III. Sexual reproduction D) It depends on a chance event that changes the gene pool. It can reduce the genetic differentiation between the two groups. It involves the movement of alleles from one population to another. It includes migration or the movement of individuals between populations. Some mutations always occur from generation to generation. But most mutations do not persist over time in the gene pool. Which mutation is MOST likely to become established and persist in a species?a.)What effect does directional selection have on genetic variation? b.)A population has an allele that encodes for ear size, large ear being dominant and small ear being recessive. The frequency of the dominant allele is .6. What percentage of the population has big ears?Suppose that frequency of a recessive phenotype, white fur color, is about 0.16 (16%) in the local squirrel population. a) What is the frequency of the recessive allele (w)? b) What is the frequency of the dominant allele (W)? c) What percentage of the local squirrel population are not white, but are carriers of the recessive white allele? A/ A/