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- Activity 3. Understanding the Cladogram Direction: Examine the illustration below and answer the questions thereafter. Fixt Amphibiats Reptites Dirds Rodentu Primles Fou shells FHair / fur Arriruote agg Four lintas Vorlebrao Eskaryntes Fig. 1. A cladogram of some familiar animals. Retnieved from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standand-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/54-cladistics/cladograms.html Activity Questions: 1. What characteristics do primates and rodents have in common? 2. Which Rodents? of animals are birds more closely related to? Reptiles or group 3. What do amphibians, reptiles, birds, rodents, and primates have in common? 4. What characteristic is unique only to birds and reptiles? 5. Fish and primates have a common ancestor. What characteristic does this ancestor have?Qurion 20 Wrich of the foliowing conclusions is NOT supported whenu derived character iu marked on a poirnt in the cladogram represented by point yin the diogrum below? E C B. O . All groups that coma aftar that point an the ciadogram shara that darivaci character. O b. Groups that divarged oortior than that paint have an ancostral or a difforont derivod form of the character. O C Al groups thot diverge after that point represent a polyphyletie lineage. O d. The common ancestor at that point in tima ovoved that dorivod characterTRUE OR FALSE 1. The science of cladistics produces a system for naming and classifying organisms. 2. The broadest categories in the system of classification, bellow kingdom level, are called phyla. 3. The only taxonomic unit that is needed to be written in entirely lower case letters are the genus level. 4. When all the organisms in one taxon comes from a single common ancestor, the taxon is considered to be monophyletic. 5. The presence of opposable thumbs in humans and other apes means that we share a common ancestor; this character shows homology. 6. When a derived character is shared by members of the clade, the process is called a symplesiomorphy. 7. Sexually and asexually reproducing organisms which includes polyphyletic groups are known as the phylogenetic species concept. 8. Sympatric speciation occurs when the formations of new species happen in the same geographic area. 9. When a tree is unrooted, it is not necessary needed to have an outgroup. 10. Derived characters are…
- 34 The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic relationships among 5 hypothetical species. Which of the following is a paraphyletic group? A B C D E O a C+3+0 Ob C+D+2+E O C.A+B+l+C+D O d. B+C+D 2.a- What is Phylogenetics? b- What are the types of Phylogenetics trees? c- What are the differences between Rooted and Unrooted Phylogenetics trees? d- Using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) construct the phylogenetic tree for the given dataMaterials When constructing this phylogenetic tree, several different options were possible. The tree with the least number of evolutionary changes is the one that was chosen as most probable. What is this called?* pdates rades embers nferences Q Online vsela gizzard don see UV Ilght subdermal fat stores y Periods 1 and 2 meriods ol MP1, Highschool school MP3, l MP4 amniotic egg 4 limbs + lungs Least parsimony ys "ed Thu Fri Modern synthesis Temporal equilibrium Maximum parsimony O O O O lungfish
- Based on the information from the following table and the provided phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H 1 J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L r T Pits) or Tubercles E P P T T T T T P P P P P Р P P O Phenetic Species Concept O Blological Species Concept O Phylogenetic Species Concept O Sympatric Species Concept Blayple (OUTGROUP) beaver Dan, AZ -Twentynine Paime, CA -Harkavilla, UT D-Chilchinbio, NM -Vermilion Cas. AZ 64 -F-Mone Lake, CA -G-Coral Pink Danes, UT H-Pyramid Lake, N -Crescent Dunes, MV Meno Lake CA -K-Olancha CA -Olancha, CA --Winnemucca, NV -El Mirage, CA Lo-Dumont Dunes, CA Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ FFFFFFFFFF M Ma M₂ M₂of this =rab or ditions ionary escen- se or 5. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tail bones are examples of vestigial structures in our own species. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a species' evolutionary past. Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.es ne Based on the information in the following table, and the given phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L Pits (P) or Tubercles (T) P P T T T T T P P P P P P P P Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ M₂ M₂ M₂ M₂ M₂ M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M4 M3 M3
- *Each number (1.1, 2.1, etc) represents a character/synapomorphy. How many character changes are there in the cladogram? Are there any unexpected or unusual result in the cladogram?nolhlond to sonsblud mont sqrienols What's More Activity 3. Deepening The Concepts Directions: Answer the following questions. 1. How does (a) relative dating and (b) absolute/radioactive dating determine the age of fossils? 2. How does embryology provide evidence for evolution? 3. How do homologous and vestigial structures provide evidence for evolution? 4. What could be possible for some species belonging to the same family to be presently living in various locations on Earth? You can further support your answer with an example. Scoring Rubric 4 noints intsBased on this matrix, is my cladogram correctly done? 1.a) What species on the cladogram are endothermic (fully endothermic species only=those that maintain their body temperature only with their metabolism = not sharks for instance)? 1.b) Considering the location and relationship of endotherms on the cladogram, what type of character (homologous, homoplasy: convergence or reversal) do you think endothermy is? try to use specific terminology: character, homologous characters, nom homologous characters, character states (or evolutionary stages of a character), ancestral (plesiomorphic), derived (apomorphic), homoplasy, convergence, reversal....