1.show that the Mcculloch_Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal neuron(I. ا, neuron using a sigmoid activation function with large synaptic weights
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1.show that the Mcculloch_Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal neuron(I. ا, neuron using a sigmoid activation function with large synaptic weights
2.Show that a linear neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal neuron with small synaptic weights.
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- 6. Identify the following structures on an image of a synapse: Postsynaptic neuron Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles Receptor for neurotransmitter Cell adhesion molecules Axon terminal 7. hore CAFE Describe the actions of sodium and potassium during action potential generation as it relates to depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. State the directional flow of each ion and the state of the gated channels for each stage. See figure 12.15 in the textbook.1.3 Quantitative effect of non-constant time constant Say that a particular neuron, X, has a set of synapses that fire when either stimulus A or stimulus B is present. The sequence of events is this: 1. X's resting membrane potential is -62mV. 2. Stimulus A occurs and raises the voltage to -55mV. Then, it stops, and the voltage begins to fall. 3. 20ms after stimulus A ends, stimulus B immediately adds an additional 8mV. (It's not actually immediately, but for the purposes of this question, please treat it that way.) X's threshold is -50mV. As you can see, stimulus A by itself is not enough to increase the membrane potential to threshold. However, let's see if the additional 8mV provided by stimulus B is enough to get the membrane to threshold. In other words, please calculate the final membrane potential in the following two scenarios, and say whether it hits threshold: 1. With a time constant of 40ms. 2. With a time constant of 4ms.a) Describe the behavior of an unaffected neuron sitting at its membrane resting potentialstimulated by a suprathreshold stimulus.b) Now, add the effects of the consumption of the Fugu toxin and stimulate that neuron with a supra-threshold stimulus.- Describe (and/or diagram) the effect on the membrane potential by supra-thresholdstimulation under this condition.c. Using any ONE (1) of the following three (3) means we have used to interpret the resultingmembrane potential for a neuron, describe the effect of the Fugu toxin on a neuron:i) Goldman’s equationii) “Driving” toward Ex of most permeable ioniii) Movement/flow of charge + charges
- 2.3. Explain the structure and functioning of synapses and mechanisms involved in the transmission at excitatory synapses and at motor end plates as1. The graph above represent time in milliseconds. At what time (in milliseconds) is the inside of the neuron the most positive and why? 2. Explain why the membrane potential changes at X 3. Explain what is happening at point C to the sodium and potassium ions and how this is affecting the membrane potential 4. Describe two things that contribute to the resting membrane potential7. You stimulate a presynaptic cell and record from the postsynaptic neuron of each pair. For each mutation below, describe the following: i) After the first stimulus, how does the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) you record from the postsynaptic neuron differ from the EPSP recorded from a wild-type animal? Does it increase, decrease, stay comparatively the same, or fail to be generated at all? ii) After five stimulations of the presynaptic cell in quick succession, how does the EPSP you record from the mutant animal differ from that in the same experiment on a wild-type animal? Explain your reasoning in each case. The mutations are as follows: 7A. Mutation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels of the presynaptic terminal. The mutant channels have a lower opening threshold.
- 31. Which of the following mechanisms is involved in increasing the sensitivity of a synapse expressing post synaptic mechanism of LTP a. NMDA dephosphorylation b. L-type calcium channel phosphorylation c. AMPA phosphorylation d. Potassium channel phosphorylation 34. in the presynaptic mechanism of hippocampal LTP, how do we know it is presynaptic? (regraded) a. Blocking calcium channels blocks the effect b. Blocking PKA has no effect c. Blocking PKA blocks the effect d. Blocking NMDA receptors blocksQ:Let w= 4,p= 2 and b =-2 with f radial basis, what is the single neuron output? f=e(-n²) =e-(4*2+(-2))²=e-(6)²= 2.31952E-16 %3D13. Properties of male and female rat nociceptors that respond to painful mechanical stimuli (for instance a sharp tack) were recently studied by Hendrich, et al. (2012). The sensory endings of these nociceptors are found on the foot of the rat. They measured resting membrane potential (RMP) (Fig 2B) and action potential threshold (Fig 2C) in the nociceptors. The results and figure legend are shown below. Use the data (attached) to answer the following questions. a. What category of sensory afferent are the authors studying? b. What reflex(es) does this sensory afferent participate in? c. What conclusions can the authors make based on the data shown in this figure? Speculate on what physiological/behavioral consequences there might be based on the findings.
- 3 If an axon ([Na+]in = 200 mM) is bathed in solution consisting of [Na+]out = 10 mM, will there be an action potential if a supra-threshold stimulus (changed Vm to -20 mV with opening of Na channels) is injected into the axon?6. You are interested in how the density of NMDA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane prior to stimulation will affect future LTP and LTD production. You prepare mouse hippocampal slices with three types of postsynaptic neurons - neurons that have either very high densities, very low densities, or zero density of NMDA receptors. You stimulate the neurons presynaptic to these different types of postsynaptic neurons using a brief, high-frequency stimulation protocol (100 Hz) or a prolonged, low-frequency stimulation protocol (10 Hz). You then record whether an LTP or LTD was produced. Match the different NMDA receptor densities in the first column with the expected LTP/LTD occurrences in the second column of the table below: NMDA Receptor/Channel Density Before Results Stimulation 1. Very high A. No LTP during brief, high-frequency stimulation. No LTD during prolonged, low- frequency stimulation. 2. No NMDA receptors B. No LTP during brief, high-frequency stimulation. LTD during brief,…4. Illustrate (draw) what an action potential might look like with the following voltage-gated channels present. Briefly explain why these changes may occur. a. Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier); classic action potential as seen with the squid giant axon Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and an A channel (KA voltage-gated channel) b. C. Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel ONLY, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing d. Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing, plus a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier)
