41) Why is an atom's second ionization energy always larger than its first ionization energy? Select all that apply. a) Removing the second electron involves pulling it away from a greater positive charge. b) The second electron removed is under a greater effective nuclear charge than the first electron removed. c) The second electron removed is much further away from the nucleus than the first electron removed. d) None of these

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Quantum Chemistry

Quantum chemistry deals with the properties of chemical systems and their reactions. The branch of chemistry which is more concerned with quantum chemistry is physical chemistry. It is a more sophisticated field of theoretical physics which is concerned towards the application of physical concepts towards various chemical aspects such as, formation of atoms, chemical structure descriptions, chemical bond strength, hybridization, conjugation etc. Quantum chemistry mainly studies the various states i.e., ground state, excited state, transition states of the individual atoms or molecules taking place during any chemical reaction. The laws of motion explained by various scientists, which are termed as “classical mechanics” were not acceptable in terms of electrons, protons, atoms, light etc. Thus, a new theory named “quantum mechanics” emerged to understand the basic framework of various atomic and subatomic particles.