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- The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?I just read an abstract of the paper “Disulfide bond-disrupting agents activate the tumor necrosis family-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/death receptor 5 pathway” and noted that “DDAs and TRAIL synergize to kill cancer cells and are cytotoxic to HER2+ cancer cells with acquired resistance to the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinib.” For the last sentence, I am not sure the meaning of the “acquired resistance to the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinib”. Is the “acquired resistance ... to inhibitor” a good thing or bad thing, as far as the synergize effect of DDAs and TRAIL”? Hope that expert can help.1) One cell-signaling pathway implicated in the regulation of cell division is the mTOR/Akt pathway. mTOR is a protein that stimulates the translation of other proteins, which is an important requirement for cell division. In the absence of growth factor signals from the cell's environment, the proteins TSC1 and TSC2 will physically bind to each other, which allows them to inhibit mTOR from functioning. However, when membrane receptors do encounter certain growth factors from the environment, they will result in the activation of a protein called Akt. Once activated, Akt will phosphorylate TSC2, preventing it from being able to physically bind to TSC1. a) In the description of the cellular signaling pathway above, four genes and their respective encoded proteins were mentioned: TSC1, TSC2, mTOR, and Akt, In the table below, identify which of these is/are acting as proto-oncogene (s), and which is/are acting as tumour suppressor(s) by writing the appropriate names in the correct column.…
- Aberrant signaling through the Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway drives many cancers. This makes the pathway an attractive drug target, and many small molecules have been developed that target either Ras, BRaf or MAPK. In malignant melanoma, one mutation in particular, where valine 600 of Braf is mutated to a glutamic acid (V600E), is found in the majority of cases. This mutation makes BRaf activation independent of upstream Ras activity. Would a small molecule that targets Ras be effective in a melanoma case driven by Braf V600E? Explain your answer.Atherosclerosis can obstruct or block flow in arteries, including those that provide oxygenated blood to the heart. Elevated levels of [ Select ] ["LDL, and VLDL", "HDL"] are associated with atherosclerosis, most likely because of their role in delivery of lipids to peripheral tissues and cells. Smooth muscle cells are recruited to the site of damage, where they [ Select ] ["induce apoptosis of endothelial cells", "proliferate"] , hence expanding the extent of the lesion.A current focus of molecular medicine is to trigger or promote apoptosis of specific cells. several components of the apoptotic pathways are being targeted using this approach. for each of the following, state specifically how the treatment would be expected to stimulate or inhbit apoptosis. b. exposing cells to recombinant TRAIL protein, a ligand for thr tumor necrosis factor family of receptors
- Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine used by immune cells to initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses. Inflammation is a key response to cell damage or infection, but can, in some diseases, spiral out of control and become more of a problem than the original cause (COVID-19 lung damage is a relevant example...). TNF-α receptors exist on many cell types. Let’s study the interaction between TNF-α (T) and its receptor (R), to form an activated complex C: T + R ↔ C A macrophage is measured to have ~105 TNF-α receptors on its surface. If the macrophage is immersed in a high concentration of TNF-α molecules (i.e. L0 ≅ L), how will the number of activated receptors change over time? Plot this trend for the case L0 =10 nM, kf=106 M-1 min-1, kr=0.1 min-1. There is constant ligand concentration and an initial condition of C0 = 0. We are given the constants needed to model the number of activated receptors over time and can use the following equation:BCL2 binds to and inactivates BAX and other pro-apoptotic proteins, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Venetoclax has been approved for marketing in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Venetoclax is a highly selective BCL2 inhibitor that disrupts the interaction of this protein with BH3 domain proteins thereby permitting apoptosis. Proapoptotic Proapoptotic proteins protein binds to BCL2 BCL2 Venetoclax Venetoclax displaces proapoptotic proteins BCL2 Venetoclax Proapoptotic proteins No venetoclax binding BCL2 Glys01Val mutation Which of the following can you conclude from this information? Select all that apply Bcl2- mutations that prevent Ventoclax binding promote cell survival Venetoclax binding to Bcl2 promotes cell survival . Venetoclax binding to Bcl2 promotes cell death Proapoptotic protein binding to Bcl2 promotes cell survivalWe have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment, two different mutations were produced using different chemicals. The proteins with mutation are listed below. State what will be the effect of each mutation and explain whether it will result in cell proliferation or not. GEF protein GTPase
- A current focus of molecular medicine is to trigger or promote apoptosis of specific cells. several components of the apoptotic pathways are being targeted using this approach. for following, state specifically how the treatment would be expected to stimulate or inhibit apoptosis. c. Treatment of cells with organic compounds that enter the cell and bind with high affinity to the active site of Caspase-3One important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to mediate the elimination of tumor cells by killer lymphocytes. In a study of 35 primary lung and colon tumors, half the tumors were found to have amplified and overexpressed a gene for a secreted protein that binds to Fas ligand. How do you suppose that overexpression of this protein might contribute to the survival of these tumor cells? Explain your reasoning.14)How does a compound that inhibits the GTPase activity of ras affect cell responses to growth factors? It would increase proliferation. It would increase glucose production. It would decrease glucose production. It would decrease proliferation.