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(a) In a generic router architecture, what major components are there?
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(b) Which components will an incoming datagram go through to get forwarded?
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(c) How does the roundabout analogy given in the textbook correlate to the internals of a router?
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(d) How do you relate the four types of nodal delays introduced in Chapter 1 to the forwarding process of a router?
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- The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimumnumber of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain thereason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packetsof each network?we consider some of the pros and cons of virtual-circuit and datagram networks. a. Suppose that routers were subjected to conditions that might cause them to fail fairly often. Would this argue in favor of a VC or datagram architecture? Why? b. Suppose that a source node and a destination require that a fixed amount of capacity always be available at all routers on the path between the source and destination node, for the exclusive use of traffic flowing between this source and destination node. Would this argue in favor of a VC or datagram architecture? Why? c. Suppose that the links and routers in the network never fail and that rout- ing paths used between all source/destination pairs remains constant. In this scenario, does a VC or datagram architecture have more control traffic overhead? Why?Consider a datagram network using 8-bit host addresses. Suppose a router uses longest prefix matching and has the following forwarding table: (refer to image) For each of the four interfaces, give the associated range of destination host addresses and the number of addresses in the range.
- It is obvious that a router or a switch needs to do searching to find information in the corresponding table. The searching in a routing table for a datagram network is based on the destination address; the searching in a switching table in a virtual circuit network is based on the combination of incoming port and incoming VCI. Explain the reason and define how these tables must be ordered (sorted) based on these values.Problem 3 Consider the problem of deciding whether to implement a virtual- circuit or a datagram network. Assume a network protocol that allows the system to operate as either a virtual circuit network or a datagram network. That is, its packet header format is specified such that it incorporates both a VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier) and an arbitrary source/destination addresses. When operating as a virtual circuit, it requires a 4-byte header. When operating as a datagram network, it requires a 40-byte header. Assume that there are 4 hops from source to destination, and that a set up or tear down request packet is 80 bytes (including the header). The total message length is 4096 bytes, the data rate is 9600 bps on all links and the packet size is 256 bytes (including the header). i) If we operate in the datagram mode, how long does it take for the first packet to reach the destination? If we operate in virtual-circuit mode, how long does it take for the first packet to reach the…The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimum number of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain the reason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packets of each network?
- What is a control plane dependent on per-router control? In these situations, when we state that "monolithically" the network control and data planes are applied, what do we mean?The term synchronization has many meanings in Computer Science. Within the networking field, the term is usually used to describe making asynchronous communication synchronous (A coordination of activities; running at the same rate) We see synchronization occurring in different layers, but we are mostly concerned with the physical layer and the data link layer (L1 and L2). a) In what ways is synchronization in these two layers similar? b) In what ways is synchronization in these two layers dissimilar?What is meant by a control plane that is based on per-router control? In such cases, when we say the network control and data planes are implemented "monolithically" what do we mean?
- What is meant by a control plane that is based on per- router control? In such cases, when we say the network control and data planes are implemented "monolithically," what do we mean?Consider a TCP segment originating on a host running a Google Chrome Browser destined for the TU Dublin Webserver: (1) Separately identify how the port numbers are assigned for the client and server applications and, identify the range from which these port numbers are allocated. (ii) Identify the byte order used to represent these addresses within the segment header. (iii) If a port number contained in the segment header is passed to the Application layer, identify the function used to convert it to the correct byte order within the application.Consider the figure below. The IP and MAC addresses are shown for nodes A, B, C and D, as well as for the router's interfaces. Consider an IP datagram being sent from node D to node A. Give the source and destination Ethernet addresses, as well as the source and destination addresses of the IP datagram encapsulated within the Ethernet frame at points (5), (4), (2), and (1) in the figure above.
