a. Suppose that the government is imposing an emissions tax of $12 per unit of emissions. Under this policy, what is the level of emissions from each firm? What is the total level of emissions in the industry? Explain. b. If the tax is imposed at $12 per unit of emissions, how much does each firm spend on abatement? Explain your reasoning.
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- What is a pollution charge and what incentive does it provide for a firm to take external costs into account?An emissions tax on a quantity of emissions from a film is not a command-and-control approach to reducing pollution. Why?A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?
- Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?Suppose you want to put a dollar value on the external costs of carbon emissions from a power plant. What information or data would you obtain to measure the external [not social] cost?What is command-and-control environmental regulation?
- Consider the following graph that shows the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve for a coal power plan for reducing local air pollution and the marginal damage (MD) curve for those living around the coal power plant. MD (E) MAC (E b. Emissions E-0 E EL E-Max AMax Or Abatement E A-0 What are the total abatement costs at E' (enter your answer with the letters and "+" signs as "a+b+c+d+e+f", without the quotation marks. What are the total abatement costs at E-0 (enter your answer with the letters and "+" signs as as "a+b+c+d+c+f", without the quotation marks. If the property rights were with the coal power plant how much Emissions would we see? (enter one of the following, "E-0", "E", "E1", "E-Max") If the property rights were with the people how much Emissions would we see? (enter one of the following. "E-0", "E", "E1 "E-Max") What is the socially optimal level of emissions (choose from one of the following and enter as written without the quotation marks, "E-0". "E"E1 "E-Max").The figure below shows a single firm's marginal abatement cost when facing a per-unit emissions tax of t. Use the figure to answer the following questions: a. What area(s) represent the total abatement cost (TAC) of the firm under the tax b. What area(s) represent the total amount in taxes paid by the firm $ t a b ان 6 e1 e2 emissionsMarginal Benefit (MB) MBBETA to Firm MBALPHA Tax = $100 25 50 75 100 Emissions (tons) Figure 16.5 Figure 16.5 shows the marginal benefits of emitting pollution for the only two chemical companies in an industry, Alpha Chemicals and Beta Chemicals. Before any tax on pollution emissions is imposed, each company views pollution as being free. Refer to Figure 16.5. The government decides to impose a tax on pollution of $100 per ton of emissions. Which of the follow are true? (Select all that are true) O a. As a result of the tax, the total emissions will decrease by 50 units O b. As a result of the tax, both firms will decrease emissions by the same amount O c. As a result of the tax, Alpha will cut more emissions than Beta O d. Before the tax, Beta produced more emissions than Alpha O e. The amount of tax collected is $2500 O f. After the tax, Beta will produce 50 tons more than Alpha Og. The tax was intended to decrease production by 50 units for each firm. O h. As a result of the tax,…
- 1. A firm's marginal abatement cost function is given by MAC = 200-5E. Suppose that, after adopting new abatement technology, the firms marginal abatement function becomes MAC = 160-4E. Costs are in dollars per tonne and emissions are in tonnes per year. The firm is given %3D 20 tradeable pollution permits (each permit allows it to emit one tonne of pollution) and the current market price per permit is $100. a)Given no change in the permit price how many tonnes of pollution will the firm emit? b)What will be the firms total abatement cost? Will it buy or sell permits and how many? c) What will be the net cost to the firm after trading? What will be the net gain to the firm from adopting the new abatement technologycap-and-trade and windfall profitsA city called Seoul is suffering from high concentrations of mercury in the air, caused by burningcoal in power plants. There are two of these plants close to the city. The city’s mayor wants touse cap-and-trade to reduce emissions to a reportedly “safe” level of 60 tons. The two firms havethe following marginal benefits of emissions: MB1 = 100 – 2e1, MB2 = 25 – 0.5e2.a. How much mercury will each firm emit? What allowance price will prevail in themarket?Firm 2 hires a smart lobbyist who convinces the government that its profits are relatively low andthat it therefore deserves a generous allowance allocation. The government agrees and allocatesa1 = 20 allowances to firm 1 (for free) and a2 = 40 allowances to firm 2 (for free).b. What are the firms’ profits? Do any of the firms earn windfall profits? [Hint: compareprofits with and without regulation.] Windfall profits have been sharply criticized by consumer advocacy groups and politicians.c. What can…500 450 The graph on the right may help in answering question 25 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Quantity Demand MC Exter nality MC private MC Social A competitive tire manufacturing industry spews emissions into the air at47 per tire a marginal cost of 1.5-q, where q is the quantity of tires produced per month (in thousands). The industry marginal cost, excluding the cost of emissions (private marginal cost), is 4 + 4•q, expressed in $ per tire. The inverse demand curve for tires is p = 480 - 3-q, also expressed in $ per tire. In order to achieve the socially efficient level of tire production, which takes into account the optimal level of air pollution, the government levies a tax on the industry. What is the efficient pollution tax? $84 per tire $101 per tire $152 per tire Price