Assume that two people are bargaining over how to splt the surplus of theirjoint efforts, which total $100. The only difference between the two is that player A has an associated interest rate of 5 percent and player B has an associated interest rate of 20 percent. Based on Nash bargaining theory, what share of the $100 will Player A wind up with? (Please provide your answer in $ style format,)
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- Assume the following game situation: If Player A plays UP and Player B plays LEFT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $3. If Player A plays UP and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $2 and Player B gets $5. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays LEFET then Player A gets $4 and Player B gets $2. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $1 What is the Mixed Strategy Equilibrium for Player B? O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/8, 3/8) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/4, 3/4) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/2, 1/2) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (3/8, 1/8)2. Consider the following "centipede game." The game starts with player 1 choosing be- tween terminate (T) and continue (C). If player 1 chooses C, the game proceeds with player 2 choosing between terminate (t) and continue (c). The two players choose be- tween terminate and continue in turn if the other player chooses continue until the terminal nodes with (player l's payoff, player 2's payoff) are reached as shown below. TTTT Player 1 Player 2 Player 1 Player 2 (3, 3) t (1, 1) (0, 3) (2, 2) (1, 4) (a) List all possible strategies of each player. (b) Transform the game tree into a normal-form matrix representation. (c) Find all pure-strategy Nash equilibria. (d) Find the unique pure-strategy subgame-perfect equilibrium.2 Consider Anna and Joe, who value a certain good by the same amount v and can choose to either contribute (C) e to get the good or not (N) where v > e> 0. Obtaining the good only requires c from one person. The game is summarized in the payoff table below: Joe V-c,V-c V-c,V v,V-c 0,0 Find a pure strategy equilibrium and a mixed strategy equilibrium. Anna O Z
- Suppose players A and B play a discrete ultimatum game where A proposes to split a $5 surplus and B responds by either accepting the offer or rejecting it. The offer can only be made in $1 increments. If the offer is accepted, the players' payoffs resemble the terms of the offer while if the offer is rejected, both players get zero. Also assume that players always use the strategy that all strictly positive offers are accepted, but an offer of $0 is rejected. A. What is the solution to the game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain or demonstrate your answer. B. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice if player B rejects A's initial offer. If so, then B is allowed to make a counter offer to split the $5, and if A rejects, both players get zero dollars at the end of the second round. What is the solution to this bargaining game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain/demonstrate your answer. C. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice as in (B) but now there…10. Here's another game that has interested researchers, especially those of the type who work in the Max Gluskin House on campus at UofT. It's also a two-player game, but this time the payment is integral to describing the game. There is no direct Researcher involvement in the game, other than potentially as the source of a payout. For the sake of describing the game, imagine that Anson and Kanav are our two players and that they are playing the game virtually via Zoom for bitcoins, denoted B. There are always two piles of bitcoin in play: a larger one and a smaller one. Ahead of the game Anson and Kanav decide the maximum number 2n of turns, for some n E N greater than or equal to 1. • During the first turn the large pile of bitcoin has 4 Band the smaller pile of bitcoin has 1 B. Anson can either take the bitcoin or pass. If Anson (4 B) takes the bitcoin he gets the larger pile, Kanav gets the smaller pile (1 B) and the game ends. If he passes, the size of each pile is doubled. • Now…Bob - Don't Confess Confess В: 10 years J: 10 years В: 20 years J: 1 year Confess Joe В: 1 year J: 20 years В: 2 years J: 2 years Don't Confess The tal above shows the payoff matrix for a prisoners' dilemma. In the Nash equilibrium O Joe will serve 20 years, and Bill will serve 1 year. Bill will serve 20 years, and Joe will serve 1 year. O Both prisoners get 2 years in jail. Both prisoners get 10 years in jail.
- 8. Two states, A and B, have signed an arms-control agreement. This agreementcommits them to refrain from building certain types of weapons. The agreement is supposed tohold for an indefinite length of time. However, A and B remain potential enemies who wouldprefer to be able to cheat and build more weapons than the other. The payoff table for A (player1, the row player) and B (player 2, the column player) in each period after signing thisagreement is below. a) First assume that each state uses Tit-for-Tat (TFT) as a strategy in this repeated game.The rate of return is r. For what values of r would it be worth it for player A to cheat bybuilding additional weapons just once against TFT? b) For what values of r would it be worth deviating from the agreement forever to buildweapons? c) Convert both values you found in parts a and b to the equivalent discount factor dusing the formula given in lecture and section. d) Use the answers you find to discuss the relationship between d and r:…3. Suppose we play the following game. I give you $100 for your initial bankroll. At each time n, you decide how much of your current wealth to bet. You cannot borrow money. You can only play with the money I gave you in the beginning or any money that you have won so far. The game is simple. At each time n ≥ 1, you decide the amount to bet. I will roll a fair die. If the die comes up 1,2,3,..., or 5, you win; if the die comes up 6, then you lose. IOW, if you bet $10 on the first roll, you will either have $90 or $110 after the first roll. (a) Suppose you wish to maximize your profit on the first roll. How much should you bet? (Most of you will get this wrong.) (b) What is the expected profit on the first roll if your bet is b with 0 ≤ b ≤ 100? (c) Suppose you wish to maximize your expected profit on the first roll. How much should you bet? (d) Suppose you wish to maximize your expected profit betting on the nth roll. How much of your current wealth do you bet? (e) Let X₂, be your…* Assume the following game situation: If Player A plays UP and Player B plays LEFT then Player A gets $2 and Player B gets $4. If Player A plays UP and Player B plays RIGHT then Þlayer A gets $3 and Player B gets $6. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays LEFT then Player A gets $5 and Player B gets $2. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $1. What is the mixed strategy expected payout for Player A? O 11/2 39/15 O 8/3 01
- . In a gambling game, Player A and Player B both have a $1 and a $5 bill. Each player selects one of the bills without the other player knowing the bill selected. Simultaneously they both reveal the bills selected. If the bills do not match, Player A wins Player B's bill. If the bills match, Player B wins Player A's bill. a. Develop the game theory table for this game. The values should be expressed as the gains (or losses) for Player A. b. Is there a pure strategy? Why or why not? c. Determine the optimal strategies and the value of this game. Does the game favor one player over the other? d. Suppose Player B decides to deviate from the optimal strategy and begins playing each bill 50% of the time. What should Player A do to improve Player A’s winnings? Comment on why it is important to follow an optimal game theory strategy.please discuss the separation eqilibrium in details 1. Assume that two players play the Tinder game. There are two types of potential boyfriends: the gentleman (25% of the population) and the douchebag (75% of the population), and they can decide on the different level of effort: low, medium, and high. For the first type, the respective costs are 30, 50, and 80. For the second type, the respective costs are 50, 75, and 120. For the potential boyfriend, the payoff from being in relationship is 130, and the payoff associated with being dumped is 70. The girl can get 60 if she stays single, 100 if she is in relationship with the gentleman, and 25 if she dates the douchebag (credits to Owen Sims) a) Present the game in the extensive form b) Calculate the expected pay-off for the girl. Should she date at all? c) Discuss whether the game has a separating equilibriumQuestion 4. Zeynep and Mehmet will eventually play the following game. Mehmet L R U 3,1 0,0 Zeynep D 0,3 1,3 In a preliminary stage, Zeynep has already asked Mehmet to allow her to move first and proposed to pay him 1 unit of her own payoff in exchange. So Mehmet has to options: • If he accepts Zeynep's offer: they will play the sequential move version of the above game in which Zeynep moves first. Mehmet will receive 1 unit of utility more, and Zeynep will receive 1 unit of utility less (in any outcome of the game) compared to the payoffs given in the bimatrix. 2 • If he rejects Zeynep's offer: they will play the simultaneous move game. a. Represent this strategic interaction in a game tree. b. How many information sets does each player have? c. Characterize the set of pure strategies for both players. d. Present this game as a normal-form game, and characterize the set of pure strategy Nash equi- libria.