Beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disorders because they are antagonists at beta-adrenergic receptors. Within the cell this activity will be seen as? A) Increased signaling via the G; protein B) Increased protein kinase A activity C) Decreased phospholipase C activity D) Decreased cAMP levels
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- Dopamine, epinephrine (or norepinephrine) and histamine are important neurotransmitter agonists. When these ligands interact with their cellular receptors, how do they mainly elicit their responses? Choose the correct answer(s) and explain why. a) Activate adenylyl cyclase directly, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels b) Activate phospholipase C c)Induce or inhibit synthesis of ligand specific intracellular proteins d) Open or close ligand gated ion channels e) Regulate intracellular second messengers through G-protein-coupled receptorsSelect any of the regulator mechanisms that would amplify cAMP signaling. A) Cell produces more adenylyl cyclase B) Cell produces more phosphodiesterase C) A drug inhibits phosphodiesterase D) A drug inhibits phospholipase1)The concept of saturation is defined as? a) The ability of a receptor to bind only one type or a limited number of structurally related types of chemical messengers. b) The degree to which receptors are occupied by messengers. c) A decrease in the total number of target-cell receptors for a given messenger d) The increased responsiveness of a target cell to a given messenger 2. Phosphodiesterase activity produces one of the following actions a) Breakdown cAMP b) Increases cAMP c) Increases PKC activity d) Increases cytosolic IP3 levels 3. Phospholipase C leads to one of the following? a) Increase in cAMP b) Breakdown of cAMP c) Increase in cytosolic levels of IP3 and DAG d) A decrease in cytosolic Ca++ concentration
- Estrogen receptor antagonists inhibit tumors by: 1) blocking estrogen binding to receptors 2) binding cell-surface receptors 3) stimulating intracellular receptors 4) binding HER2 receptors and keeping agonists from binding1. Ionotropic GABA receptors are ligand-gated Cl channels which open during GABA-ergic signaling. a) Describe how under normal circumstances the opening of these channels leads to an IPSP. Do this in the context of Eci. b) Some cells in the body express a Na*/K+/2Cl cotransporter which pumps Cl- into the ICF. Where these pumps are present, the same GABA receptor is actually excitatory. Again, in the context of Ea describe how the same receptor would be excitatory in cells which actively pump Cl- into the ICF. You do not need to repeat information you provided in part (a)Which of the following statements is true? Question 2 options: a) All cells will respond to the hormonal signal because hormones are broadcast throughout the body. b) The regulation of inflammatory responses at the site of an infection is an example of paracrine signaling. c) Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of stimuli into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the organism. d) The axons of neurons typically signal target cells using membrane-bound signaling molecules that act on receptors in the target cells.
- In the cAMP second messenger pathways, Protein kinase A is directly activated by _________. A) Group of answer choices B) cAMP C) Phosphorylation D) a G protein E) a G protein coupled receptor F) an enzymeAll the B - adrenergic receptors are linked with Gs G-protein. Physiological processes mediated by the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP include: YOU CAN CHOOSE MORE THAN ONE A.carbohydrate breakdown by the liver (glycogenolysis) B.increased contractility (e.g. increased cardiac contractility) C.smooth muscle relaxation (e.g. bronchodilation or vasodilation) D.Triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis)GTPYS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system containing active components of an adrenergic signaling system. What consequences would you expect? What would be the effects on CAMP levels? || -0-P-o-P-0-P-o-CH, guanine он он GTPYS -
- Epilepsy is often treated with a combination of drugs such as carbamazepine and phenytoin (polytherapy). CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin and carbamazepine. Carbamzeipine is cleared by CYP3A4, but phenytoin is not cleared by CYP3A4. What problems might you expect if (a) carbamazepine is removed or (b) phenytoin is removed from this two-drug regimen.The drug Celebrex selectively inhibits PTGS2 while aspirin and other NSAID’s inhibit both PTGS1 and PTGS2 in the same way. Why do you think researchers wanted to discover a selective inhibitor to PTGS2?Explain the role, using diagrams wherever possible, of G protein coupled receptors mediating the following physiological effects. a. Positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effects in the heart b. Vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells.