Calculate the energy released by the reduction of O2 with FADH2
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4. Calculate the energy released by the reduction of O2 with FADH2
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- 3. Explain the amphibolic role of TCA cycle.7. Representative values of V and ApH for the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane at 25°C are provided in the table. ApH 1.0 pmf Inner mitochondrial 0.166 V membrane Thylakoid membrane 0.03 V 2 A) Calculate the pmf for each membrane and enter the values in the table.3. The "actual" free-energy change, AG, for the oxidation of NADH under aerobic conditions is -50.9 kcal mol- when oxygen pressure is 10-2 atm. What is the ratio of NAD*/NADH under these conditions?
- 6. Fill in the blanks and select the correct option [A/B/C] in the paragraph below. Although both NADH and FADH₂ bring high-energy electrons to the ETC, ultimately they produce different amounts of [ H₂O / ATP /0₂]. NADH is [oxidized / reduced] by NADH reductase resulting in 2 H*/protons being pumped from the to the [2/4/6] FADH₂ gives its electrons to [ ubiquinone / cytochrome c] which means that only [2/4/6] H*/protons are pumped. All electrons are eventually accepted by which produces water/H₂O. Ultimately, each NADH is responsible for the production of about [2/3 /4] ATP while FADH₂ makes [2/3/4] when the potential energy of the electrochemical gradient moves [ protons/electrons ] back into the matrix using the enzyme2. The diagram on the right taken from the textbook il- lustrates the structure of a mitochondrion in a mamma- mitochondrial H* H+ lian cell containing the enzymes responsible for catalyz- membrane. ing the oxidation of metabolites coupled to the reduction of O2 and the synthesis of ATP. Only the inner mito- chondrial membrane is shown to simply the dia- gram and discussion. Sonication produces submito- chondrial particles in which the outer membrane has been stripped away and the inner membrane forms a closed vesicle known as an "inside-out particle". That is, the intermembrane space becomes the lumen of the particle, and the membrane bound components that faced the matrix in the intact mitochondrion are now ex- Electron carriers (respiratory chain) Inner H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + H+ H+ 02 (e- acceptor) 3 Energy of e- flow stored as electrochemical potential. Reduced e- donor H+ ATP ADP + P, H+ synthase H+ H+ АТР H+ + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ posed to the solvent in which the particles are…1. Calculate how many NADH and FADH2 and GTP’s are formed for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule. 2. Calculate how many CO2 molecules are produced in the CAC for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule
- 5. Define reduction 6. What is the role of NAD*/NADH in cellular respiration?3. Follow the two carbon atoms that enter the citric acid cycle (C₂). Are the two CO₂ molecules given off in one turn of the citric acid cycle composed of the same 2 carbon atoms that entered the cycle? NADE + H+ NAD+ H HỌ—C–COO H₂C-COO- FADE₂ 7 0-C-COO Malate HC-COO- FAD -0OC-CH Fumarate H₂C-COO- Oxaloacetate Succinate H₂C-COO H₂C-COO CH, CO–S-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A GTP COA GDP CoA H₂C-COO- HỌ–C–COO- H₂C-COO Citrate Isocitrate CO₂ Succinyl COA H₂C-COO- CO₂ a-Ketoglutarate CoA HO–C—COO- H H₂C-COO- HC-COO- H₂C-CO-S-CoA H₂C-COO- H₂C 0-C-COO- NAD+ NADE + H+ NAD+ NADH + H+2. Draw and label a diagram that shows a mitochondria, including components of the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 entering the electron transport chain, where protons are being pumped (and how many), how protons are entering the mitochondrial matrix, and how ATP is made.
- 4. The diagram below illustrates time dependent O₂ uptake by isolated skeletal muscle mito- chondria under various conditions that affect the rate of respiration. The following abbreviations with arrows indicate when addition of various ingredients is made to the reaction chamber: The vertical, red lines have been added to help delineate time intervals corresponding to addition and metabolic con- version of ADP. Abbreviations: Med addition of 0.3 M sucrose; Pi: addition of 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; Mw: addition of isolated, intact mitochondria; Pyr + Mal: addition of 0.01 M pyruvate + 0.01 M malate; ADP : addition of adenosine 5'-diphosphate; Oligo/mg: addition of oligomycin/mg protein; FCCP : addition of the uncoupler FCCP. Med Pyr+Mal P₁ 190μM ADP ↓ 20μM 02 T H 190μM ADP I Minute 475μM ADP 2μM FCCP 13μg Oligo/mg -[0₂] = 0 ATP [ATP] = 0 ApH = (pH matrix -pHout) ApH = 0 Start Finish (a) Why is there an increase in the rate of O2 uptake for the first two additions of ADP and why…21. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PRODUCTS OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE?A. ACETYL COA AND NADHB. CO2 AND FADH2C. ACETYL COA AND CO2D. CO2 AND H20 22. WHICH ARE THE FIRST TWO INTERMEDIATES RESPECTIVELY, IN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE? A. ISOCITRATE AND SUCCINATEB. ISOCITRATE AND ALPHA-KETOGLUTRATEC. CITRATE AND ISOCITRATED. CITRATE AND ALPHA-KETOGLUTRATE 23. IT IS THE SUM OF ALL THE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKES PLACE IN A LIVING ORGANISM?A. ANABOLISMB. METABOLISMC. CATABOLISMD. METABOLIC PATHWAY 24. METABOLIC REACTION IN WHICH LARGE BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLER ONES?A. CATABOLISMB. METABOLIC PATHWAYC. ANABOLISMD. METABOLISM 25. A METABOLIC REACTION IN WHICH SMALL BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER ONES?A. METABOLISMB. CATABOLISMC. METABOLIC PATHWAYD. ANABOLISM5. Using this unlabeled diagram of the ETC (which you can label), explain what would happen if someone took the drug DNP. DNP allows H+ ions to flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane without going through the ATP Synthase. O