Calculate Vaccination Coverage needed to attain herd immunity for Density-dependent and Frequency-dependent modes of transmission given parameters values shown. β = 0.002 S = 500 y = 0.2. R0 =5, and threshold density of susceptible individuals is 50.
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Calculate Vaccination Coverage needed to attain herd immunity for Density-dependent and Frequency-dependent modes of transmission given parameters values shown.
β = 0.002 S = 500 y = 0.2. R0 =5, and threshold density of susceptible individuals is 50.
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- With the preventive measure available to combat COVID-19, the term, “herd immunity” is often used. What is herd or population immunity? How is it achieved?Discuss the sequential steps of innate immune system activation in response to SARS COV-2 infection with respect to the following parameters: Primary host tissue targets and receptors. Host PRRs. Parameters of interferon activation.Discuss the sequential steps of innate immune system activation in response to SARS-COV-2 infection with respect to the following parameters: Primary host tissue targets and receptors. Host PRRs. Parameters of interferon activation. Role of neutrophils, macrophages. ILCs and inflammasomes in the innate immune response. Soluble inflammatory factors and biomarkers linked to the "cytokine storm". Differences in the innate immune cell compartment in early versus late-stage disease in mild versus serious cases of COVID-19.
- Discuss the sequential steps of innate immune system activation in response to SARS COV-2 infection with respect to the following parameters: Role of neutrophils, macrophages. ILCs and inflammasomes in the innate immune response. Soluble inflammatory factors and biomarkers linked to the "cytokine storm". Differences in the innate immune cell compartment in early versus late stage disease inmild versus serious cases of COVID-19.Compare and contrast herd immunity from vaccination between pneumococcal pneumonia and COVID-19.Figure 2 shows a comparison of the survival rate of liver transplants in 84 patients who were immunosuppressed with azathioprine and corticosteroids (black) with the survival rate in 55 patients who were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A and corticosteroids (blue). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 3 12 24 36 Time after transplantation, months Figure 2 Explain the effects of azathioprine, corticosteroids and cyclosporine A and their combined effects. Distinguish between hyperacute and acute cellular allograft rejections. Survival, %
- At time point A, the patient's IgG titer against antigen X is 1:6, the patient's IgM titer to the same antigen is zero. Later, at time point B, the same patient again encounters antigen X. The IgG titer is zero, and the IgM titer to X is 1:8. Describe a scenario that could explain these data.Measles is caused by an extremely infectious virus. Use the herd immunity equation to calculate the proportion of the population that needs to be immune in order to effectively halt the spread of measles via herd immunity. The Ro of the measles virus is 18 and the vaccine is 97% effective. Enter your answer as a decimal, not as a percentage. Round to the nearest 4 decimal places (example: 0.3568). It is recommended you do not round between calculation steps.After a foreign substance is introduced into the blood, the rate at which antibodies are made is modeled by 4t 91² + 19 f(1) where f(t) is in thousands of antibodies per minute, and r is measured in minutes with 0 Sts 50. Assuming that there are no antibodies present at time t=0, find the total number of antibodies in the blood at the end of 50 minutes. Round your answer to two decimal places. Number of Antibodies (in thousands) - III
- The RO for SARS-Cov-2 (which causes Covid-19) is estimated to be as high as 3.6. If this is correct, what percentage of the population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity? 42% O 67% O 73% 81% O 88% ockTwo newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high concentrations of anti-meningococcal antibodies that would provide mucosal as well as bloodstream protection. Also, the ideal candidate vaccine should also provide long-lasting immunity to the infection. Below is a diagram of the results from the primary immunization with both candidate vaccines. What is the predominant antibody isotype elicited by the primary immunization with these candidate vaccines? In which part of the body is that antibody primarily found?Give and explain two COVID vaccines with different outcomes due to antigen processing- one designed to activate all branches of adaptive immunity, while one likely limited to the humoral response.