Compare and contrast biochemical pathways. Describe the chemistry of the last three steps of the TCA. Describe the chemistry of the first three steps of β-oxidation. Explain how these pathways are similar and how they differ in terms of their chemistry, the involvement of coenzymes and the fate of the electrons. Describe the two connections between the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle

Compare and contrast biochemical pathways. Describe the chemistry of the last three steps of the TCA. Describe the chemistry of the first three steps of β-oxidation. Explain how these pathways are similar and how they differ in terms of their chemistry, the involvement of coenzymes and the fate of the electrons. Describe the two connections between the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter23: Fatty Acid Catabolism

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21P: Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved...

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Explain biochemical pathways mechanistically. Describe the β-oxidation pathway. Describe the conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA. Describe the substrate activation processes in the urea cycle (CPS 1 and arginosuccinate synthetase).
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State the steps of ketone body formation, starting with two acetyl CoA. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each reaction.
. Describe the reaction steps of the citric acid cycle with a focus on their control. In addition discuss the energy provided to a living cell from the metabolism of one acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle
G. ENZYME CLASSIFICATION. Identify the main class of enzymes used to catalyzed the following reactions: 1. Lactate dehydrogenase: NADH+H NAD HC-OH CH3 CH Pynnte Lactate 2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase: CH CH SCOA CH,CH, SCOA coenzyme B12 COO COO methylmalonyl-CoA succinyl-CoA 3. Enolase: 0. H–Ċ–0–P–0- C-0–P-0- + H,0 HO–CH, CH 6 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate 4. Chymotrypsin: -0–CH,CH3 + H2O - RCOOH + HOCH,CH3 5. Pyruvate carboxylase: coo • co, • ATP + H,0 H-C-H . ADP + P, + 2H čoo CH, Pyruvate Oxaleacetate
Part A Identify each of the following metabolic pathways. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Reset Help the conversion of fatty acids to 2-carbon units of acetyl CoA ketogenesis the conversion of an amino acid to an a-keto transamination acid the combination of 2-carbon units of acetyl COA to form fatty acids oxidative deamination the removal of an amino group as NH4+ from B oxidation glutamate to yield a-ketoglutarate lipogenesis the production of ketone bodies
Draw Gluconeogenesis. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each step of the pathway.
Draw Gluconeogenesis. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each step of the pathway. note you are responsible for all the enzymes for each step, even though it is not stated on the slide.
Help filling in the blanks: The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…
A. Identify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the followingmetabolic pathways.1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)4. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA5.Citric acid cycle6. Gluconeogensis pathway (pyruvate to glucose) B. Identify at most 5 organic reactions for each metabolic pathway.
State the steps of beta-oxidation pathway. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each reaction.
Characterize the interconnection between Citric acid cycle and Urea cycle. Draw the scheme of this interconnection, considering compartmentalization of separate steps of these processes. To prove your answer, remember: 1. In which cell compartment does Krebs cycle take place? 2. In which cell compartment does urea synthesis take place? 3. What metabolites are common for Krebs and urea cycle? 4. How does metabolite exchange between Krebs and urea cycle take place?