Considering calcium, sodium, and potassium as significant ions of the human body, briefly list down the effects seen in the ECG recording of the heart due to changes in these ionic composition of the blood.
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Considering calcium, sodium, and potassium as significant ions of the human body, briefly list down the effects seen in the ECG recording of the heart due to changes in these ionic composition of the blood.
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- F2 over the arrow connecting these variables. The slope of this relationship is 0.225 mmHg/(L/min). In the absence of the drug, Xor's blood pressure would drop as low as 70 mmHg. As the blood pressure falls to 70 mm Hg, how much drug should we administer to restore the blood pressure to 105 mmH? To answer this question, assume the following conditions: 1. the drug directly affects the rate of blood flow from the heart (L/min), 2. the drug has no effect at dosages below 41 g and has a linear effect on the rate of blood flow at dosages above 41 g. The slope of this linear effect is 2.91 (L/min) / g of drug, and 3. the drug must increase the rate of blood flow enough to increase the blood pressure from 70 mm Hg to 105 mmHg, and 4. the slope of the linear relationship between the rate of blood flow from the heart and the blood pressure in megaraffes is 0.225 mmHg/(L/min). Our goal is to determine the dosage of the drug needed to increase the blood pressure by 35 mmHg. We'll work backwards…Considering the Starling forces (not cardiac Frank-Starling law) affecting fluid movement in a capillary, describe two ways to promote an increase in net fluid movement into the interstitium (i.e. increase/decrease in a given force that is part of calculating net fluid movement)?In a standard EPS, briefly explain what is the difference between the used terms of “fixed pacing” and “pacing after sensing”, in the study part for testing inducibility to ventricular tachycardia (VT).
- Adult male suffered myocardial infarction and is currently in cardiogenic shock. Blood pH = 7.25, [HCO3-] = 14 mmol/L, PaCO2 = 38 mmHg. What kind of acid-base imbalance is the patient suffering from? Briefly describe fully how this occurred.10) Order: Dopamine 400 mcg per minute IV; Available: standard solution 400 mg in 250 mL D5W; ID # of mg/mL; change mg to mcg; show mcg per minute. Solve for mL/hr - what will you program the infusion for in mL/hr?In a standard EPS, briefly explain what is the difference between “pacing after sensing” and “fixed pacing”; in the study of inducibility to ventricular tachycardia (VT)?
- Hyperkalemia is abnormally high K+ in the blood. Given the role of potassium in pumping cell action potentials, explain why hyperkalemia can make the T wave on an ECG trace broader. Make sure to explain in terms of ion movements.A 30-year-old female patient with uncontrolled hypertension is suspected by an investi- gating endocrinologist of having Conn's syndrome. Results of routine biochemistry were (reference ranges are given in brackets): Sodium Potassium Urea Creatinine Alkaline phosphatase Alanine aminotransferase Albumin Bilirubin Calcium 146 mmol/L 2.1 mmol/L 7.2 mmol/L 146 μmol/L 290 IU/L 20 IU/L 49 g/L 8 μmol/L 2.19 mmol/L (135-145) (3.5-5.0) (3.5-6.6) (70-150) (95-320) (5-42) (35-50) (<17) (2.12-2.62) (a) Are any of the electrolyte concentrations abnormal, and if so what condition is suggested? (b) What further biochemistry investigations would you undertake? Explain your reasoning.The instructions for the azithromycin state to reconstitute the 600 mg vial with 3.6 mL until dissolved, to yield a strength of 150 mg/mL, and then to add it to 270 mL of D5W and administer over at least 60 minutes. At what rate will you set the infusion pump if you choose to administer the medication over 90 minutes? order:
- The ANS regulation of blood pressure is involuntary, yet biofeedback techniques enable individuals to reduce their pulse rate and blood pressure. Explain how this occurs.Dopamine 400 mg in 250 mL of D5W is infusing at 35 mL/hour. The patient weighs 67 kg. Calculate the following: mcg/kg/min (round to nearest tenth) mg/min (round to the nearest thousandth)decreases (43 As indicated in the figure below, as blood flows through capillaries, the blood mmHg at inlet to 15 mmHg at outlet). Let's assume that this decrease in pressure is a linear function of length (x) and can be described by the following equation: pressure Pc(x) = (43 – 28x) mmHg We can assume that the other hydrostatic and osmotic pressures do not change along the length of the capillary. Specifically, oncotic pressure in the capillary is 28 mmHg. In the interstitial fluid surrounding our capillaries, hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillaries is about –2.0 mmHg, and osmotic pressure of about 1.0 mmHg. At what length value of x does flow switch from going out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissue to into the capillaries from the surrounding tissue? Don't worry about the units of x. We can think of x as a fraction representing how far down the capillary we are relative to total length. For example, x of 0.5 would be halfway down the…