Cross-sectional surveys measure: A. The prevalence of various demographic characteristics in a well-defined population B. The exposure histories of a well-defined population C. The disease states in a well-defined population D. All the above
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Cross-sectional surveys measure:
A. The prevalence of various demographic characteristics in a well-defined population
B. The exposure histories of a well-defined population
C. The disease states in a well-defined population
D. All the above
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- Discuss the various methods/indicators used to measure different diseases in a population. ● What is the rationale for obtaining health-related information within a population? ● Compare one method/indicator used and comment on how they differ or are similar.In a cohort study, the ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the: a. Relative risk b. Risk difference c. Prevalence ratio d. Odds ratioVisit the website of the National Center for Health Statistics. Spend some time studying the leading causes of death for different age groups at www.cdc. gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_05.pdf. What are the three leading causes of death for each age cohort listed? What are some of the policy implications?
- For a particular disease or health condition of interest in a specific population, which of the following can be expected to have the smallest numerator? a. Lifetime prevalence of the disease or health condition in this population on Sep 01, 2022 b. Period prevalence of the disease or health condition in this population since Jan 01, 2022 through Sep 01, 2022 c. Point prevalence of the disease or health condition in this population on Sep 01, 2022 d. More information will be needed to answer thisB. One of the most memorable epidemiologic incidents in the Philippines was the sudden food poisoning of school children in Bohol which killed 15 children while 240 others being crippled. As an epidemiologist, you are tasked to go the place and conduct an independent epidemiologic analysis using retrospective cohort study design. Design a method following this design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your cohort groups? Define your cohorts. b. What questions/exposures will your survey instrument contain? c. How will you gather your data? d. How will you interpret your data? e. Provide a plausible causal narrative to your “theoretical data”“Prevalence” can be defined as: a. The proportion of new cases of a disease that occurs in a population at risk over a set period of time. b. The number of cases of disease in a population. c. The number of new cases of a disease that occurs in a population annually. d. The proportion of the total population that has a disease at one point in time. e. The number of cases of a disease at the midpoint of any year.
- The following characteristics describe a cross-sectional study: A. The outcome is at the individual-level B. The exposure is at the group-level C. The outcome is at the neighborhood level D. People are recruited into the study based on disease status or having a condition. E.This study design is particularly susceptible to the ecologic fallacyFor each of the studies below, put an “A” if it is an example of analytic epidemiology or a “B” if is an example of descriptive epidemiology. __________ Analysis of US mortality data to determine the rates of colorectal cancer deaths for white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic) and Hispanics in 2012. __________ Analysis of survey and laboratory data to determine if individuals with a high salt diet have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ______ Case-control study to determine if patients with a current diagnosis of breast cancer had ever received hormone replacement therapy. ______ Analysis of medical records to determine if diagnosis of hypertension is more or less common among adults age 65 or older compared to those younger than age 65.Calculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the period prevalence from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005. The numerator of period prevalence includes anyone who was ill any time during the period. In Figure 3.1, the first 10 persons were all ill at some time during the period.
- In the context of a case-control study, a pro of recruiting incident cases rather than prevalent cases is: a. Incidence is easier to assess than prevalence b. Incidence provides a measure of the burden of disease at one “snapshot” in time c. Using incident cases allows researchers to account for case-deaths that would not be evident if only prevalent cases were considered d. None of the aboveWhich of the following epidemiological study designs is the most useful to study incidence of an outcome or a disease? a. Ecological study b. Cross-sectional study c. Cohort study d. Descriptive studyCalculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the incidence rate from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005, using the midpoint population (population alive on April 1, 2005) as the denominator. Express the rate per 100 population.