Define the term 'distributive shock' and briefly explain why two of the three types of distributive shock result in increased heart rate, whilst the third type results in decreased heart rate.
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Define the term 'distributive shock' and briefly explain why two of the three types of distributive shock result in increased heart rate, whilst the third type results in decreased heart rate.
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- Explain the physiological mechanisms that drive the changes in heart rate between conditions. 1) lying down and sitting up, regular breathing. 2) Between sitting up, regular breathing and immediately after exercise. 3) Between seated inhalation and exhalation. 4) immediately after exercise, and after 60 seconds of recording/recovery.Discuss the three classes of distributive shock and explain the difference in presentation of heart rateWhat is the common denominator of all forms of heart failure? 1)Reduced cardiac output 2)jugular venous distention 3)peripheral edema 4)pulmonary edema
- Answer both parts of the following:A) Discuss how pulmonary oedema and peripheral oedema may occur in a patient with heart failure. B) Discuss the mechanisms of actions of the main classes of drugs currently available to treat congestive heart failure, and how they may be beneficial in improving the condition of the patient.Briefly explain the following: 1) Effect of Potassium ions on heart Function. 2) Effect of Calcium Ions on Heart Function. 3) Effect of Temperature on Heart Function.Describe the functional differences in the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system on the activity of the heart.
- 6. The diagram shows stroke volume as a function of right atrial pressure. The solid curve shows normal cardiac function. Movement from point X on the solid curve to point Y on the dashed curve is most likely to be caused by which of the following physiologic changes? A) Decreased heart rate B) Increased afterload C) Increased vascular volume D) Increased venous return E) Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heart Stroke volume (mL) 110 90- 70- 50 30 10- 1 2 3 Right atrial pressure (mm Hg) 4The following medications are used to treat an exacerbation of congestive heart failure. Each one of them is actually used to counteract mechanisms the body has naturally set in place in response to a drop in blood pressure and presumed drop in tissue perfusion. For each medication, explain its affect(s) on A, B, and C. If you feel it has no effect on a particular parameter, then say "no effect". Specifically for each: A) affect on TPR (total peripheral resistance) and how/why it changes it B) affect on cardiac output (contractility, heart rate, stroke volume) and how/why it changes it C) blood volume/pressure and how/why it changes it ACEIs (ACE inhibitors) Beta blockers Digoxin Nitrates (nitroglycerin, isosorbide) Diuretics like LasixDefine the term congestive heart failure?
- With which of the following patients should you remain alert to the possible development of right-sided heart failure? O a) 68-year-old man with dehydration 5 years after having a myocardial infarction Ob) 60-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oc) 27-year-old woman taking excessive amounts of thyroid hormone to promote weight loss O d) 40-year-old woman who broke an ankle while training for a marathonExplain two causes of left-sided heart failure, one relatedto the heart and one systemicExplain the principle behind the Frank–Starling law of the heart. How does this mechanism normally prevent pulmonary or systemic congestion?
