Discuss three (3) limitations of the Friedel- aid of suitable examples. Provide a detailed mechanism for the mononitration of chlorobenzene using nitric acid/sulphuric acid mixture. All possible Wheland intermediates must be shown and explain whether substitution occurs at the ortho, para or meta position Show your reasoning. CI HNO, H₂SO₂
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- In each of the following electrophilic substitution reactions (i) as a first step show the“preactivation” or generation of an electrophilic species; (ii) using arrows provide a mechanisticexplanation of the course of the reaction (show all resonance structures contributing for intermediatearenium ion stabilization); (iii) write all major products of the reaction. Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with 2-methylpropanoyl chloride ((CH3)2-CH-COCl) inthe presence of AlCl3 as a catalyst.Give the order of reactivity of carboxylic acid and its derivatives. What is thesignificance of this order of reactivity in predicting their interconversions?Describe the structure of the methylethium tetramer (including the orbitalsinvolved in the bonds) and indicate a reaction in which this compound isapplied.
- a) Consider the reaction scheme below. -[•] PhLi HONH,, HCI A ELOH B D (i) Deduce the structures of compounds A, D and intermediate C. (ii) Outline the mechanism for the conversion of A to B.In a paragraph Outline a mechanism for the formation of the ether Discuss key techniques used in the synthesis brieflyWrite suitable detailed mechanisms to account for the formation of the products in the following reactions, paying particular attention to clear drawings of structures and arrows as well as proper stoichiometry [WHERE APPROPRIATE]. You are required to show ALL intermediates and any by products that are formed in these reactions.
- What is the background on the chemistry of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, what is the importance of nitration reactions in organic synthesis, and the reactivity of methyl benzoate, a methyl ester of benzoic acid. With references(a) When toluene (methyl benzene) is sulfonated through reaction with concentrated H2SO4 at room temperature, predominantly (~ 95% of total) ortho- and para-substitution occurs. If elevated reaction temperatures (150 – 200°C) and longer reaction times are employed, meta- (chiefly) and para-substitution account for 95% of the products. Provide a rationale for this finding using words and reaction schemes.(b) acid, HNO3 to produce compound L. The reaction of compound L with bromine, Br2 in the presence of iron tribromide, FeBr3 produced compound M. Benzene also undergoes Fridel-crafts alkylation reaction with chloroethane, CH;CH2CI using catalyst N to produce compound P. Benzene, CeHe undergoes substitution reaction with concentrated nitric Benzena, CsHe menjalani tindak balas penukargantian dengan asid nitrik, HNO, pekat untuk menghasilkan sebatian L. Tindak balas sebatian L dengan bromin, Brz dengan kehadiran ferum tribromida, FeBrs menghasilkan sebatian M. Benzena juga menjalani tindak balas alkilasi Fridel-crafts dengan kloroetana, CH3CH2CI dengan menggunakan pemangkin N untuk menghasilkan sebatian P. (i) Draw the structural formula of L, M and P. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian L, M dan P. (ii) State catalyst N. Nyatakan pemangkin N. (iii) Show the formation of electrophile that will be reacted with benzene for the formation of compound P.
- the following reaction scheme leads to the formation of compound B. give the structure of the final products and of the intermediate product A and justify, using the mechanism, the formation of theseSynthesize the following compound from benzonitrile (C6H5CN):? Please don't provide hand written solution....During the dehydration of alcohols, either of concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid is often used. If the purpose of the acid is to provide a proton for catalysis, then why can one not use concentrated hydrochloric acid? Please explain fully including reaction mechanisms and resonance.