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- According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: A. Prepathogenesis B. Pathogenesis C. Primogenesis D. B and C3) Which among the following is NOT true to the epidemiologic triangle model? A. If the balance is maintained or is tilted in favor of the host, disease does not occur. B. Environmental elements can tilt the balance in favor of the agent. C. The model suggests that the agent and the susceptible host interact freely in a common environment. D. If the balance is tilted in favor of the agent, disease does not occur. Answer: Rationale: 4 This refers to any organism capable of causing disease: A. Causative agent B. Reservoir C. Portal of exit D. Susceptible Host Answer: Rationale: to nismoDifferentiate the following Epidemiological Measures a. Frequency Measures: Incidence and prevalence b. Morbidity Frequency Measures c. Mortality Frequency Measures
- Differentiate the terms in each of the following pairs a. etiology and pathogenesis b. infection and diseases c. communicable disease and noncommunicable diseaseDifferentiate the following Epidemic Patterns a. Common-Source b. Propagated c. MixedWhich of the following statements is correct? a. An individual who has been diagnosed with a communicable disease and those who may have been exposed to the infection are to be placed together in a unit away from others b. Serial interval is the interval between when an infectious agent invades a body and when the first sign or symptom appears c. Isolation should be maintained through the incubation period of a disease d. Healthy asymptomatic individuals suspected to have been exposed to an infection are quarantined through the length of the incubation period
- b). Explain the significance of host-agent-environment in disease causation using SARS-CoV-2 infection as an example. (ii) How may the concept of natural history of disease pathogenesis provide an understanding of the difference between prevention and control of disease.d) As the Public Health Officer charged with the prevention and control of communicable diseases in the Local Council Area, state the principles you may consider in planning an action to prevent community transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.For each of the following situations, identify classification of disease it reflects: A. EpidemicB. SporadicC. EpizooticD. PandemicE. Endemic 7. 22 cases of Legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood(usually 0 to 1 per year)8. The average annual incidence of Community Acquired Pneumonia is 134 cases per 100,000population since 2011.9. The common cold is described to be commonly present in Baguio City10. Single case of Histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community11. About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in City A per week, slightly less than the nationalaverage12. Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918 – 191913. Over 44 out of the 80 provinces in the Philippines have a usual prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis14. The recent flash flood was pinpointed as the cause of the rising cases of anxiety among residentsaging 30-50 years old, whether male or female15. A case of Capillariasis (usually endemic in locations near…Match the following terms with their respective definition: _____1. Carrier a. Insects that transmit infection _____2. Fomite b. Presence of bacteria in the blood _____3. Vector c. Person harboring the organism without signs and symptoms of the disease _____4. Vehicle d. Hospital-acquired infection _____5. Septicemia e. Infection confined to a limited area _____6. Fulminant infection f. Inanimate object which can carry microorganisms _____7. Nosocomial infection g. Multiplying bacteria in the bloodstream _____8. Local infection h. Biological substances that can carry organism _____9. Bacteremia i. Presence of toxin in the bloodstream _____10. Toxemia j. Infection that always leads to death.
- 1. A. Define “epidemic”.B. Define “pandemic”. C. Have any pandemics occurred since the 1918 pandemic? If so, name and date them.2. A. Why was the flu pandemic of 1918-19 called the “Spanish flu”?B. Why did some people refer to this flu pandemic as the “swine flu”? 3. Describe how the flu pandemic originated (Where? When? How?).4. A. Which population group was most at risk for becoming infected? Choose one: babies/infants OR kids 2-18 OR 20-40 years OR 40 – 60 years OR older than 60 (elderly)B. Do scientists know why this specific age group was prone to infection and illness? Explain your answer.5. There were 3 “waves” of the flu during 1918-1919. Describe what a pandemic “wave” is and what causes it.6. What is the most likely means by which the Spanish flu was transmitted from one person to another?7. Describe the role that World War I play in the spread of the flu virus and efforts to contain it.8. How did the Spanish flu become a pandemic? Describe 3 ways in which the virus was…Match Column A to different components of the chain of infection. [NOTE: select all that applies] COLUMN A A. Pathogen B. Reservoir C. Portal of Entry D. Portal of Exit E. Mode of Transmission F. Susceptible Host SARS-CoV-2 Oncologic patient Vaginal canal Anus Mouth H1N1 Plasmodium falciparum Musca domestica Droplet nuclei Fecal-oral-route Bats Humans PLHIV Salmonella typhi Meatus Ebola virus Anopheles mosquito Vibrio choleraeEpidemiological studies are applied to the control of health problems in individuals. A. True B. False