Example 9.1 Incremental fuel costs in dollars per megawatthour for a plant consisting of two units are given by dF 2 dF, 0.0080P, + 8.0 dP, 0.0096P2 + 6.4 %3D Assume that both units are operating at all times, that total load varies from 250 to 1250 MW, and that maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 625 and 100 MW, respectively. Find the incremental fuel cost and the allocation of load between units for the minimum cost of various total loads.

Example 9.1 Incremental fuel costs in dollars per megawatthour for a plant consisting of two units are given by dF 2 dF, 0.0080P, + 8.0 dP, 0.0096P2 + 6.4 %3D Assume that both units are operating at all times, that total load varies from 250 to 1250 MW, and that maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 625 and 100 MW, respectively. Find the incremental fuel cost and the allocation of load between units for the minimum cost of various total loads.

Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)

13th Edition

ISBN:9780133923605

Author:Robert L. Boylestad

Publisher:Robert L. Boylestad

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P: Visit your local library (at school or home) and describe the extent to which it provides literature...

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2. a) Explain the terms load factor and diversity factor. b) Discuss the advantages of interconnected grid system. c) A generating station is to supply four regions of load whose peak loads are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8 MW and 7 MW. The diversity factor at the station is 1-5 and the average annual load factor is 60%. Calculate: (i) the maximum demand on the station, (ii) annual energy supplied by the station and (iii) suggest the installed capacity and the number of units.
Problem 3.1: Determine the rms value of voltage induced in an 80-turn coil on a 30 cm × 25 cm cross-section core with peak flux density 1.7 T alternat- ing at 60 Hz. Problem 3.2: Two parallel 1-phase rectangular bus bars 2 cm apart at their cen- ter lines experience 30,000 A,ms current when a load gets short-circuited. Determine the peak mechanical force per meter length of the bus bars. Assume the bus bar shape factor K = 0.85.
The figure below shows the one-line diagram of a four- bus power system. The voltages, the scheduled real power and reactive powers, and the reactances of transmission lines are marked at this one line diagram (The voltages and reactances are in PU referred to 100 MW base. The active power P2 in MW is the last three digits (from right) of your registration number (i.e for the student that has a registration number 202112396, P2 =396). [10] Starting from an estimated voltage at bus 2, bus 3, and bus 4 equals V2 (0) = 1.15<0°, V3 = 1.15 < 0°, V4 1.1< 0°. 1- Specify the type of each bus and known & unknown quantities at each bus. 2- Find the elements of the second row of the admittance matrix (i.e. [Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24]). 3- Using Gauss-Siedal fınd the voltage at bus 2 after the first iteration. 4- Using Newton-Raphson, calculate: |- The value of real power (P2), at bus 2 after the first iteration. Il- The second element in the first row of the Jacobian matrix after the first iteration. 2 P2…
In a given system of base power of 250 MW, and bus 3 is taken as reference. The per-unit reactances are X12 = 0.2 p.u., X13 = X23 = 0. 1 p.u. The power flow in the system is given as: PF12 = 50 MW, PF13 = 150 MW, PF23 = 50 MW. Based on readings from 2 meters (not including M12 meter), M13 = 145 MW (not calibrated), and M23 = 50 MW (well calibrated), deduce the flow on line 1-2. Select one: O a. PF12 = - 47.5 MW. O b. None of these O c. PF12 = 67.5 MW. O d. PF12 = 47.5 MW. O e. PF12 =- 57.5 MW. O f. PF12 = 57 MW.
The power factor of the system is?????
Incremental fuel costs in dollars per megawatthour for a plant consisting of two units are given by:dC(P)/dP = 0.0080 P1 + 8.0dC(P)/dP = 0.0096 P2 + 6.4Assume that both units are operating at all times, that total load varies from 250 to 1250 MW, and that maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 625MW and 100MW respectively. Find the incremental fuel cost and the allocation of load between units for the minimum cost of various total loads.Write your answers in the given format below.
Two generating units rated 250 MW and 400 MW have governor speed regulation of 6% and 6.4% resp. from no load to full load. They are operating in parallel and share a load of 500MW. Determine the load shared by each unit. A. 190MW & 310 MW C. 220 MW & 280 MW D. 240 MW & 260 MW B. 225MW & 275 MW
The one-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Figure below. The neutral of each generator is grounded through a current-limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100-MVA base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100-MVA base is tabulated below. The generators are running on no-load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their emfs in phase. G Stark Item Base MVA Voltage Rating X' x² 20 kV 20 kV 20/220 kV 20/220 kV 100 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30 0.15 0.25 025 0.7125 0.15 100 100 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 100 0.10 100 100 Lu La 220 kV 0.15 220 kV 0.35 100 A balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf= jo.I per unit. The magnitude of the fault current in amperes in phase b for this fault is: Select one: A. 345.3 B. 820.1 C. 312500 3888888 产产

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Discuss the principles of electricity market operations, including spot markets, forward markets, and the role of independent system operators (ISOs).