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Question:-
Explain the significance of adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y and PYY in regulation of fuel
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- Chapter : Lipid Metabolism"It has been proposed that malonyl CoA may be one of the signals sent to the brain to decrease the appetite response. When mice are given a derivative of cerulenin (a fungal epoxide) named C75, their appetite is suppressed and they rapidly lose weight. Cerulenin and its derivatives have been shown to be potent inhibitors of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Suggest how C75 might act as a potential weight reduction drug"Thanks. Please write the answers clearly.What explains the side effect of "acetone-breath" on dieters following a low carbohydrate diet? O Decreased dietary carbohydrates stimulates fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of acetoacetate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to decreased fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis; decarboxylation of pyruvate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of acetoacetate generates acetone.Q1. Many of the components for lipid synthesis need to be "activated", which happens by a variety of mechanisms. For each of the following activation processes, state WHAT is added and WHAT ENZYME catalyzes the reaction. Acetyl-CoA activation for fatty acid synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Glycerol activation for Phosphatidic Acid (PA) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Fatty acid activation for Diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: DAG activation for Phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Choline activation for Phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis WHAT is added: ENZYME:
- Question:- Write two paragraphs that describe how phosphofructokinase-1 and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase are regulated in a coordinated and reciprocal manner. The first paragraph should describe how the enzymes are regulated in response to energy needs in muscle cells. The second paragraph should describe how the hormones glucagon and insulin exert their effects via fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in liver cells.Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, andbriefly explain your answer.(a) In general, the metabolic oxidation of protein in mammals is less efficient, in terms of energy conserved, than the metabolic oxidation ofcarbohydrate or fat.(b) Given that the nitrogen of glutamate can be redistributed by transamination, glutamate should be a good supplement for nutritionally poor proteins.(c) Arginine is a nonessential amino acid for mammals because the enzymes of arginine synthesis are abundant in liver.(d) Alanine is an essential amino acid because it is a constituent of everyprotein.Question #7 When you vigorously exercise your muscle cells produce lactate. Ultimately, the lactate that is produced is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose via the gluconeogenesis pathway. 7A Sketch how lactate in the liver is converted into glucose. You do not need to draw any structures of the intermediates, but should provide the names (or acronyms!) of all of the metabolic intermediates involved in the conversion of lactate to glucose. Make sure to indicate points in the pathway that make use of ATP (or an ATP equivalent) and NADH. OH O lactic acid 0000000 A -P=O OH OO во O ⒸO-P=O OH O-P=O O OH OO ОН HO-P=OO OH H OH H O=- 4 pyruvate J OH OH D H -P=O OH fry F OH OH Н. EN VIL O OH OH OH OH N M O LOH K OH OH OH علم OH OH
- a- During intense exercise the transformation glucose to lactate causes very less ATP production compared to aerobic glycolysis. Explain, does anaerobic glycolysis lead to waste of energy in muscle? b-Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme catalyzes the removal of glucose from glycogen. Describe, glycogen metabolism regulation through glycogen phosphorylase.To explain: How would an uncoupler Dinitrophenol of oxidative phosphorylation promote weight loss.This is a Biochemistry Question! Please select all of the following processes that would INCREASE during untreated or badly managed diabetic ketoacidosis: (More than 1 answer) 1) there is fluid and electrolyte loss in urine 2) plasma pH 3) Glucose uptake & skeletal muscle using as primary fuel 4) Bicarbonate reabsorption & renal Hydrogen excretion 5) Relying on fatty acids & proteins as primary fuels throughout the body 6) Gluconeogenesis, Fatty acid oxidation, & ketogenesis (all within the liver) 7) Lipolysis & fatty acid release from adipose
- A Case Study on Lipid Metabolism Introduction: Obesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue in the body as a consequence of increase of food intake (Singla, Bardoloi and Parkash, 2010). Obese patients commonly experienced obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) because of fat deposition in tissues of the upper airway, resulting in a smaller lumen and increased lung collapsibility (Adelizzi. 2021). Obesity is one major factor associated in the development of metabolic diseases in multiple adult cohorts. The biochemical link explaining this association is the pattern of lipid partition in the body brought about by excessive calories and energy spare. Thus, the tight regulation of the metabolic pathway through maintaining homeostatic network of energy balance is necessary to alleviate this disease. Objectives After completing this case, the student will be able to identify and understand the mechanisms in which the metabolic pathways are interrelated. Specifically, the case study…Chapter: Lipid Metabolism Individuals with abnormally low levels of carnitine in their muscles suffer from muscular weakness during moderate exercise. In addition, their muscles have significantly increased levels of triacylglycerols. (a) Explain these two effects. (b) Can these individuals metabolize muscle glycogen aerobically?Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, and briefly explain your answer. (a) In general, the metabolic oxidation of protein in mammals is less efficient, in terms of energy conserved, than the metabolic oxidation of carbohydrate or fat. (b) Given that the nitrogen of glutamate can be redistributed by transamination, glutamate should be a good supplement for nutri- tionally poor proteins. (c) Arginine is a nonessential amino acid for mammals because the enzymes of arginine synthesis are abundant in liver. (d) Alanine is an essential amino acid because it is a constituent of every protein.