For each of the central pathway intermediates given below, calculate how many ATP equivalents can be generated by complete oxidation of the compound to CO2: 1. Acetyl-CoA 2. Pyruvate 3. GAP (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) And please explain why.
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- The diagram on the right compares the O2 uptake activity of mitochondria isolated from cultures of (wt) STHdhQ7/Q7 and mutant STHDHQ111/Q111 striatal neuronal progenitor cells, as introduced in Question 1. Panels A and B be- long to wt mitochondria and Panels C and D be- long to HD mitochondria. The isotonic medium was buffered to pH 7.4 with inorganic phosphate. Respiration is supported initially by addition of py- ruvate (+ malate) at t = 0, followed by additions of ADP (sufficient to consume all of the O2 in the incubation medium), R (rotenone), S (succinate), and O (oligomycin). For Panels A and C, Ca2+ had been added to a concentration of 0.9 µM, Ca2+ 2. B A WT 400 ADP ADP 450 300 - 300 200 Ca2 10 uM 150 100 - C HD 400 ADP R ADP R SO 450 300 - V s Ca2 10 uM 300 200 - 150 100 - while for mitochondria in Panels B and D, had been added to the medium to a final concen- Time 20 min tration of 10 µM, sufficient to require translocation into the mitochondrial matrix by the Ca2+…Given the following information, calculate the physiological ΔG of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction at 25°C and pH 7.0: [NAD+]/[NADH] = 8, [α-ketoglutarate] = 0.1 mM, and [isocitrate] = 0.02 mM. Assume standard conditions for CO2 (ΔG°′ is given in Table). Is this reaction a likely site for metabolic control?The synthesis of the activated form of acetate (acetyl-CoA) is carried out in an ATP-dependent process: Acetate + CoA + ATP → acetyl-CoA + AMP + PPi (a) The ∆G’o for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA is - 32.2 kJ/mol and that for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi is - 30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate ∆G’o for the ATP-dependent synthesis of acetyl-CoA. (b) Almost all cells contain the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi. What effect does the presence of this enzyme have on the synthesis of acetyl-CoA? Explain.
- The complete oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water is presented by the overall equation: Palmitoyl-CoA + 23O2 + 108Pi + 108 ATP + 23H2O → CoA + 16 CO2 + 108 ATP + 23H2O Water is also produced in the reaction ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O But not included as a product in the overall equation. Why?Aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase is a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme displaying a non-sequential (ping-pong) enzyme mechanism. It catalyses the reaction: glycine + succinyl-CoA ⇌ aminolevulinate + CO2 Draw a Cleland diagram (diagram illustrating when the substrates and products form an enzyme substrate complex) for this reaction if glycine is the first substrate to bind.(c) (1 ) Fluoroacetate, prepared commercially for rodent control, is also produced by a South Afri- can plant. After entering a cell, fluoroacetate is converted to fluoroacetyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetate thiokinase: F-CH2COO¯ + COA-SH + ATP F-CH2CO-SCOA + AMP + PPj The toxic effect of fluoroacetate was studied in an experiment using intact isolated rat heart. After the heart was perfused with 0.22 mM fluoroacetate, the measured rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis decreased, and glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate accumulated. Examination of the cit- ric acid cycle intermediates revealed that their concentrations were below normal, except for citrate, with a concentration 10-fold higher than normal. Where did the block in the citric acid cycle occur? What caused citrate to accumulate and the other cycle intermediates to be depleted? Explain. Why does it block the citric acid cycle? Fluoroacetyl-CoA is enzymatically transformed in the citric acid cycle.…
- Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides in oxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the following intracellular concentration ratios should be (1) unity, (2) greater than unity, or (3) less than unity. Explain your answers. (a) [NAD*]/[NADH] (b) [NADP*]/[NADPH] Because NAD* and NADP* are essentially equivalent in their ten- dency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might be maintained inside cells at greatly differing values.Behenate (C22H44O2) can be obtained by chain elongation from palmitate. How many ATP equivalents are produced in the degradation of behenate to eleven acetyl-CoA?The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl‑CoA. E1E1 , E2E2 , and E3E3 are abbreviations for the enzymes of the complex. Classify the enzyme names, prosthetic groups, and reactions as E1E1 , E2E2 , or E3E3 .
- Decylic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs naturally in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Calculate the net ATP yield when decylic acid undergoes complete B oxidation. The formula of decylic acid is shown below: (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP.) O 50 ATP O 52 ATP 66 ATP OH O 64 ATPIn the beta oxidation of linoleic acid, converting the 3, 5, 8 trienoyl CoA intermediate back to an expected intermediate for a beta oxidation substrate costs the equivalent of how many ATPs? (hint: look at the 'right side' of the figure for addressing problem 3 with linoleic acid)The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation and therefore does not use the citric acid cycle to generate reduced cofactors. Instead, the parasite converts amino acid–derived α ketoglutarate to succinate. Write an equation for the α-ketoglutarate → succinate conversion that follows (a) the oxidative (clockwise) path of the citric acid cycle or (b) the reductive (counterclockwise) path of the cycle.